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- Brockmann, Philipp, et al.
(författare)
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Utilizing the ball lens effect for astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry
- 2020
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Ingår i: Experiments in Fluids. - : SPRINGER. - 0723-4864 .- 1432-1114. ; 61:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, a simple method is developed to apply astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry (APTV) to transparent particles utilizing backlight illumination. Here, a particle acts as ball lens and bundles the light to a focal point, which is used to determine the particle's out-of-plane position. Due to the distance between focal point and particle, additional features have to be considered in ball lens astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry (BLAPTV) compared to conventional APTV. We describe required calibration steps and perform parameter studies to show how the autocorrelation coefficient and the light exposure affect the accuracy of the method. It is found that the accuracy and robustness of the Euclidean calibration approach as also used in conventional APTV (Cierpka et al. in Meas Sci Technol 22(1):015401, 2010a) can be increased if an additional calibration curve for the light intensity of the particle's focal point is considered. In addition, we study the influence of the particle diameter and the refractive index jump between liquid and particles on the calibration curves and the accuracy. In this way, particles of the same size, but different material, can be distinguished by their calibration curve. Furthermore, an approach is presented to account for shape changes of the calibration curve along the depth of the measurement volume. Overall, BLAPTV provides high out-of-plane particle reconstruction accuracies with respect to the particle diameter. In test cases, position uncertainties down to 1.8% of the particle diameter are achieved for particles of dp=124 mu m. The measurement technique is validated for a laminar flow in a straight rectangular channel with a cross-sectional area of 2.3x30 mm2. Uncertainties of 0.75% for the in-plane and 2.29% for out-of-plane velocity with respect to the maximum streamwise velocity are achieved.Graphic abstract [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Fornari, Walter, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Suspensions of finite-size neutrally buoyant spheres in turbulent duct flow
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 851, s. 148-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the turbulent square duct flow of dense suspensions of neutrally buoyant spherical particles. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed in the range of volume fractions phi = 0-0.2, using the immersed boundary method (IBM) to account for the dispersed phase. Based on the hydraulic diameter a Reynolds number of 5600 is considered. We observe that for phi = 0.05 and 0.1, particles preferentially accumulate on the corner bisectors, close to the corners, as also observed for laminar square duct flows of the same duct-to-particle size ratio. At the highest volume fraction, particles preferentially accumulate in the core region. For plane channel flows, in the absence of lateral confinement, particles are found instead to be uniformly distributed across the channel. The intensity of the cross-stream secondary flows increases (with respect to the unladen case) with the volume fraction up to phi = 0.1, as a consequence of the high concentration of particles along the corner bisector. For phi = 0.2 the turbulence activity is reduced and the intensity of the secondary flows reduces to below that of the unladen case. The friction Reynolds number increases with phi in dilute conditions, as observed for channel flows. However, for phi = 0.2 the mean friction Reynolds number is similar to that for phi = 0.1. By performing the turbulent kinetic energy budget, we see that the turbulence production is enhanced up to phi = 0.1, while for phi = 0.2 the production decreases below the values for phi = 0.05. On the other hand, the dissipation and the transport monotonically increase with phi The interphase interaction term also contributes positively to the turbulent kinetic energy budget and increases monotonically with phi, in a similar way as the mean transport. Finally, we show that particles move on average faster than the fluid. However, there are regions close to the walls and at the corners where they lag behind it. In particular, for phi = 0.05, 0.1, the slip velocity distribution at the corner bisectors seems correlated to the locations of maximum concentration: the concentration is higher where the slip velocity vanishes. The wall-normal hydrodynamic and collision forces acting on the particles push them away from the corners. The combination of these forces vanishes around the locations of maximum concentration. The total mean forces are generally low along the corner bisectors and at the core, also explaining the concentration distribution for phi = 0.2.
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| 4. |
- Tabaei Kazerooni, Hamid, et al.
(författare)
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Inertial migration in dilute and semidilute suspensions of rigid particles in laminar square duct
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Review Fluids. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-990X. ; 2:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the inertial migration of finite-size neutrally buoyant spherical particles in dilute and semidilute suspensions in laminar square duct flow. We perform several direct numerical simulations using an immersed boundary method to investigate the effects of the bulk Reynolds number Re-b, particle Reynolds number Re-p, and duct to particle size ratio h/a at different solid volume fractions phi, from very dilute conditions to 20%. We show that the bulk Reynolds number Re-b is the key parameter in inertial migration of particles in dilute suspensions. At low solid volume fraction (phi = 0.4%), low bulk Reynolds number (Re-b = 144), and h/a = 9 particles accumulate at the center of the duct walls. As Re-b is increased, the focusing position moves progressively toward the corners of the duct. At higher volume fractions, phi = 5%, 10%, and 20%, and in wider ducts (h/a = 18) with Re-b = 550, particles are found to migrate away from the duct core toward the walls. In particular, for phi = 5% and 10%, particles accumulate preferentially at the corners. At the highest volume fraction considered, phi = 20%, particles sample all the volume of the duct, with a lower concentration at the duct core. For all cases, we find that particles reside longer times at the corners than at the wall centers. In a duct with lower duct to particle size ratio h/a = 9 (i.e., with larger particles), phi = 5%, and high bulk Reynolds number Re-b = 550, we find a particle concentration pattern similar to that in the ducts with h/a = 9 regardless of the solid volume fraction phi. Instead, for lower Bulk Reynolds number Re-b = 144, h/a = 9, and phi = 5%, a different particle distribution is observed in comparison to a dilute suspension phi = 0.4%. Hence, the volume fraction plays a key role in defining the final distribution of particles in semidilute suspensions at low bulk Reynolds number. The presence of particles induces secondary cross-stream motions in the duct cross section, for all phi. The intensity of these secondary flows depends strongly on particle rotation rate, on the maximum concentration of particles in focusing positions, and on the solid volume fraction. We find that the secondary flow intensity increases with the volume fraction up to phi = 5%. However, beyond phi = 5% excluded-volume effects lead to a strong reduction of cross-stream velocities for Re-b = 550 and h/a = 18. Inhibiting particles from rotating also results in a substantial reduction of the secondary flow intensity and in variations of the exact location of the focusing positions.
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