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| 2. |
- Burk, William J., et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol use and friendship dynamics : selection and socialization in early-, middle-, and late-adolescent peer networks
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - : Rutgers University. - 1937-1888 .- 1938-4114. ; 73:1, s. 89-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This study examined developmental trends of peer selection and socialization related to friends' alcohol use in early-, middle-, and late-adolescent peer networks, with the primary goal of identifying when these mechanisms emerge, when these mechanisms exert their strongest effects, and when (or if) they decrease in importance. Gender and reciprocity are also tested as moderators of selection and socialization.Method: Cross-sequential study (three age cohorts assessed at three annual measurements) of 950 youth (53% male) initially attending classrooms in Grade 4 (n = 314; M = 10.1 years), Grade 7 (n = 335; M = 13.1 years), and Grade 10 (n = 301; M = 16.2 years).Results: Similarity between friends' drinking behaviors emerged in Grade 6, peaked in Grade 8, and decreased throughout late adolescence. Adolescents in all three age groups selected peers with similar drinking behaviors, with effects being more robust for early-adolescent males and for late-adolescent females. Peers' alcohol use emerged as a significant predictor of middle-adolescent alcohol use and remained a significant predictor of individual drinking behaviors throughout late adolescence. Socialization did not differ as a function of gender or reciprocity.Conclusions: Alcohol-related peer selection was relatively more important than socialization in early-adolescent friendship networks; both mechanisms contributed to explaining similarity between the drinking behaviors of friends in middle and late adolescence. Effects of peer socialization emerged in middle adolescence and remained throughout late adolescence. (J Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 73, 89-98, 2012)
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| 4. |
- DeLay, Dawn, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent friend similarity on alcohol abuse as a function of participation in romantic relationships : Sometimes a new love comes between old friends
- 2016
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Ingår i: Developmental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0012-1649 .- 1939-0599. ; 52:1, s. 117-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study tests the hypothesis that adolescents with romantic partners are less similar to their friends on rates of alcohol abuse than adolescents without romantic partners. Participants (662 girls, 574 boys) ranging in age from 12 to 19 years nominated friends and romantic partners, and completed a measure of alcohol abuse. In hierarchical linear models, friends with romantic partners were less similar on rates of alcohol abuse than friends without romantic partners, especially if they were older and less accepted. Follow-up longitudinal analyses were conducted on a subsample (266 boys, 374 girls) of adolescents who reported friendships that were stable across 2 consecutive years. Associations between friend reports of alcohol abuse declined after adolescents became involved in a romantic relationship, to the point at which they became more similar to their romantic partners than to their friends.
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| 5. |
- Dickson, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Parental Supervision and Alcohol Abuse Among Adolescent Girls
- 2015
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Ingår i: Pediatrics. - : American academic Pediatrics. - 0031-4005 .- 1098-4275. ; 136:4, s. 617-624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Inadequate parent supervision during the early adolescent years forecasts a host of conduct problems, including illicit alcohol consumption. Early pubertal maturation may exacerbate problems, because girls alienated from same-age peers seek the company of older, more mature youth. The current study examines overtime associations between parent autonomy granting and adolescent alcohol abuse during a developmental period when alcohol consumption becomes increasingly normative, to determine if early maturing girls are at special risk for problems arising from a lack of parent supervision.METHODS: At annual intervals for 4 consecutive years, a community sample of 957 Swedish girls completed surveys beginning in the first year of secondary school (approximate age: 13 years) describing rates of alcohol intoxication and perceptions of parent autonomy granting. Participants also reported age at menarche.RESULTS: Multiple-group parallel process growth curve models revealed that early pubertal maturation exacerbated the risk associated with premature autonomy granting: Alcohol intoxication rates increased 3 times faster for early maturing girls with the greatest autonomy than they did for early maturing girls with the least autonomy. Child-driven effects were also found such that higher initial levels of alcohol abuse predicted greater increases in autonomy granting as parent supervision over children engaged in illicit drinking waned.CONCLUSIONS: Early maturing girls are at elevated risk for physical and psychological adjustment difficulties. The etiology of escalating problems with alcohol can be traced, in part, to a relative absence of parent supervision during a time when peer interactions assume special significance.
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| 6. |
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Friends, lovers, and groups : key relationships in adolescence
- 2007
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- (From the cover) Everyone agrees that peers are important in adolescence. Recently, there have been some noteworthy advances in research on adolescent peer relationships and this volume, written by leading experts, presents four key areas of these innovative studies. Firstly, the discovery of a "deviancy training" mechanism of peer influence is examined, in which antisocial pairs have been observed to reward each other with approval for deviant or antisocial talk, and this has been linked to escalations in antisocial behavior. The second area is the study of romantic partners as important peer relationships in adolescence. This is a newly emerging field of research with only a dozen or so studies published to date. The text then looks at the application of behavioral genetic analytical techniques to understand peer selection and influence processes. This line of research will also shed a new light on social environmental influences on adolescent problem behaviors. The final area covers the use of designs that capture both in-school and out-of-school peers in order to understand their relative influence on problem behavior. As the first of the Hot Topics in Developmental Research series, a three-part developmental psychology range, this volume presents the work of highly prestigious chapter authors edited by Rutger Engels, Margaret Kerr and Håkan Stattin. This research tool is useful reading for researchers, final year undergraduates and postgraduates in developmental and health psychology, and child psychologists.
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| 7. |
- Glatz, Terese, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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A test of cognitive dissonance theory to explain parents' reactions to youths' alcohol intoxication
- 2012
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Ingår i: Family Relations. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0197-6664 .- 1741-3729. ; 61:4, s. 629-641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have shown that parents reduce control and support in response to youths' drinking. Why they react this way, however, is still unknown. From cognitive dissonance theory, we derived hypotheses about parents' reactions. We used a longitudinal, school-based sample of 494 youths (13 and 14 years, 56% boys) and their parents. General Linear Model (GLM) analyses were used to test the main hypotheses. In accord with our hypotheses, parents who encountered their youths intoxicated became less opposed to underage drinking over time. In addition, parents who remained strongly opposed to youth drinking experienced more worries than parents who became less opposed. Alternative explanations for the results were tested, but were not supported. The findings suggest that to eliminate the dissonance between their strict attitudes against youth drinking and their knowledge of their own youths' drinking, parents changed their attitudes and became more lenient.
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| 8. |
- Hiatt, Cody, et al.
(författare)
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Best friend influence over adolescent problem behaviors : Socialized by the satisfied
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology (Print). - : Routledge. - 1537-4416 .- 1537-4424. ; 46:5, s. 695-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study was designed to examine best friend influence over alcohol intoxication and truancy as a function of relative perceptions of friendship satisfaction. The participants were 700 adolescents (306 boys, 394 girls) who were involved in same-sex best friendships that were stable from one academic year to the next. Participants completed self-report measures of alcohol intoxication frequency and truancy at 1-year intervals. Each member of each friendship dyad also rated his or her satisfaction with the relationship. At the outset, participants were in secondary school (approximately 13-14 years old) or high school (approximately 16-17 years old). More satisfied friends had greater influence than less satisfied friends over changes in intoxication frequency and truancy. Problem behaviors of less satisfied friends increased over time if the more satisfied friend reported relatively higher, but not relatively lower, initial levels of drinking or truancy. The results support the hypothesis that adolescent friends are not similarly influential. The power to socialize, for better and for worse, rests with the partner who has a more positive perception of the relationship.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Peter, 1953-
(författare)
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Understanding psychopathy trough the study of long-term violent offenders
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Psychopathy describes a collection of personality traits that logically would facilitate violent, criminal behavior. This dissertation deals with issues that might shed light on how to treat or prevent this socially devastating personality disorder: the conceptualization of the disorder; how psychopathic offenders compare with nonpsychopathic offenders; and whether there are some psychopathic offenders who might be more amenable to treatment than others. The four studies use data from a sample of about 400 violent offenders who were assessed in a national prison unit. The first study dealt with the definition of psychopathy. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of PCL-R scores, we compared the traditional 17- item, two-factor model with a more recently proposed 13-item, three-factor model. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the 13 items yielded three easily interpretable factors: an interpersonal factor, an affective factor, and a behavioral/lifestyle factor. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that this model had a significantly closer fit to the data than the traditional 17-item, two-factor model. The second and third studies compared psychopathic with nonpsychopathic offenders. In the second study we tested whether psychopathic more than nonpsychopathic offenders had histories of hyperactivityimpulsivity- attention problems (HIA) and conduct problems (CP). We used their retrospective reports of conduct problems before the age of 15 and HIA before the age of 10. The results showed that a combination of childhood HIA and CP was typical for psychopathic but not nonpsychopathic offenders. The third study tested the hypothesis that intelligence is positively correlated with severity of criminal development in psychopathic criminals and negatively correlated in nonpsychopathic criminals. That pattern would provide a way of explaining the discrepancy between Cleckley’s view and later empirical work and open the door to new ideas about prevention and treatment. For non-psychopaths, higher total intelligence scores, particularly verbal intelligence, meant a later start in violent crime. For those diagnosed as psychopaths, however, this association was reversed. The fourth study investigated whether meaningful subtypes of psychopathy could be identified. Model-based cluster analysis of Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCLR Hare, 2003) and trait anxiety scores in the psychopathic subgroup (n = 124; PCL-R > 29) revealed two clusters, which we labeled primary and secondary. Secondary psychopaths had greater trait anxiety and fewer psychopathic traits than primary psychopaths, but comparable levels of antisocial behavior. They also had more borderline personality features, poorer interpersonal functioning, and more symptoms of major mental disorder than primary psychopaths. Psychopathy is a complex and in some ways mysterious disorder, and little is known about how it develops. Taken together, these studies provide some clues that might ultimately lead to ways of preventing the development of psychopathy. Early HIA problems apparently put children in a risk group. Apparently, high intelligence plays a role in the most problematic cases, and the disorder can develop in the presence of anxiety. Although the idea is not without problems, adult psychopaths who are high on anxiety might be more amenable to treatment than those who are not.
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| 10. |
- Kerr, Margaret, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Peers and problem behavior : have we missed something?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Friends, lovers and groups. - Chichester, West Sussex, England : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780470018859 ; , s. 125-153
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- (From the chapter) Taken as a whole, the literature on peers and delinquency has revealed much about what can happen or what sometimes happens. Youths can select peers who are similar to them, and their peers can influence them. Focusing peer studies on friends in the classroom is not a limitation for showing what can happen or sometimes happens. However, to extend this knowledge to what does happen, research designs are needed that strive for more ecological validity, or that take into account the complexity of adolescent peer relationships, including different types of peer relationships in different contexts at different ages. In this chapter, we report data from one such study.
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