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- Fart, Frida, 1992-
(författare)
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The Ageing Gut, in Health and Disease
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a global ageing phenomenon, which stress the importance for an improved health for the increased population of older adults. One important factor for a good health is a well-functioning gut. Hence, this thesisinvestigates several aspects of gut health for older adults, spanning from overall gut health in community-dwelling older adults, to investigating a gut disease model: inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. When investigating community-dwelling older adults, gastrointestinal symptoms were found to be common and correlated to a lower experience of well-being. In addition, more than half of the population did not reach the recommended intake of several macronutrients, including protein and fibre. Compared to a group of active older adults, still practising orienteering, i.e., senior orienteers, community-dwelling older adult’s further showed signs of a less healthier gut microbiota, including lower levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.By investigating the disease model of inflammatory bowel disease, later onset of Crohn’s disease seemed to have less hyperresponsive adaptive immune response toward the own gut microbiota, which seems to be due to a less genetic predisposition among later onset individuals. Interestingly, an environmental pollutant, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), was increased in the serum of late-onset ulcerative colitis patients compared to healthy controls. A higher level of PFAS further correlated to a disturbed bile acid pool. In addition, PFAS induced an increased intestinal permeability across ileal and colonic murine tissue. In conclusion, the work included in this thesis further emphasises the importance of a maintained gut health. In addition, the work highlights diet, an active life-style, gut microbiota and environmental factors, for example PFAS, as targets of future interventions studies with the aim to improve gut health and overall health among older adults.
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| 2. |
- Rasoal, Dara, 1980-
(författare)
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Perspectives on clinical ethics support and ethically difficult situations : reflections and experiences
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Healthcare personnel encounter ethically difficult situations in their everyday work and clinical ethics support might be important to support healthcare personnel to deal with these situations. The overall aim of this thesis was to describe perspectives on clinical ethics support, experiences of being in ethically difficult situations and experiences of facilitating ethics reflection. Methods. Study I had a descriptive design in which research articles were reviewed (n=54). In study II audio-recorded moral case deliberation (n=70) in 10 Swedish workplaces in hospitals and community care were analysed. In study III interviews were conducted with facilitators (n=11) of moral case deliberation. Study IV used non-participant observation during three weeks as well as informal conversations with healthcare personnel (n=12) in community home healthcare. Results and conclusion. In study I, two perspectives emerged on clinical ethics support, a “Top-down” perspective, where an individual or a group of “experts” in ethics could recommend the best course of action and a “Bottom-up” perspective that allows healthcare personnel to manage ethically difficult situations through ethical reflections led by a facilitator. Studies II and IV showed how ethically difficult situations on different levels are often connected with emotions and uncertainties. Study III showed the role of the facilitator to be fundamental in creating a space for self-reflection among healthcare personnel. Study IV showed that healthcare personnel face complex demands and expectations from the healthcare organization regarding the provision of care as well as having to meet the needs of patients and their next-of-kin. To conclude, healthcare personnel needed to find a balance among demands and expectations in order to satisfy those stakeholders involved and they had to seek compromise. There is a need for clinical ethics support that helps healthcare personnel reflect individually and collectively on ethically difficult situations they encounter in their everyday clinical practice. From this standpoint, a “Bottom-up” perspective may reduce the risk of moral distress among healthcare personnel and promote care based on person-centred values.
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