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- Campbell, PJ, et al.
(författare)
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Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 578:7793, s. 82-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale1–3. Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4–5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter4; identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation5,6; analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution7; describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity8,9; and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes8,10–18.
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| 8. |
- Kallio, S., et al.
(författare)
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Sensitivity study of fluid dynamic effects on nitric oxide formation in CFB combustion of wood
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proc. of the 7th International Circulating Fluidized Bed. - 0920804985 ; , s. 757-764
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper presents results from simulations by a 1.5D numerical model developed to study the formation of the NO and N2O emissions in a circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) under different operating conditions and burning different fuels. A comprehensive kinetic scheme for the homogeneous chemistry and a single particle model for char combustion are used. Fluiddynamic factors, including gas mixing and release of volatiles, are investigated in the case of wood combustion under normal air staging conditions. The pattern of release of volatiles, the mixing of secondary air, and the lateral mixing of gas are observed to play significant roles in the formation of the relatively high NO emissions from combustion of wood. Comparisons are made with measurement data and also with coal combustion.
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| 10. |
- Kilpinen, P., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a quantitative understanding of NOx and N2O emission formation in full-scale circulating fluidised bed combustors
- 2001
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Ingår i: In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion--FBC01, held in Reno, Nevada, USA, May 13-16, 2001.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A mathematical tool is being developed for studying the nitrogen oxide emission formation in circulating fluidised bed combustors. The model is based on detailed homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical kinetics and a simplified, reasonable description of CFB hydrodynamics with presumed temperature distribution (Kilpinen et al, 1999a). With the model different fuels and fuel mixtures can be compared in regard to their nitrogen oxide emission formation tendency at typical CFBC conditions. In this paper the structure of the CFBC model and its submodels are shortly described in present form. The CFBC model is tested for nitrogen oxide prediction at normal air staging conditions in a 12 MW CFB with bituminous coal and wood chips as the fuel, respectively. Comparisons of modelling results with detailed gas concentration profiles measured inside the furnace are made. The relative importance of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions on NO and N2O concentration profiles is illustrated based on a quantitative reaction rate analysis at different parts in the combustor. The importance of effects of radical removal on particle surfaces, and thus, a decreased CO burnout and, simultaneously, enhanced rates of catalytic bed/char reactions on nitrogen oxides’ destruction are discussed.
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