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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Kim, Joon Tae, et al.
(författare)
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Dual antiplatelet Use for extended period taRgeted to AcuTe ischemic stroke with presumed atherosclerotic OrigiN (DURATION) trial : Rationale and design
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Stroke. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-4930 .- 1747-4949. ; 18:8, s. 1015-1020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rationale: The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with clopidogrel-aspirin for the large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke subtype has been debated. Aims: To determine whether the 1-year risk of recurrent vascular events could be reduced by a longer duration of DAPT in patients with the LAA stroke subtype. Methods and study design: A total of 4806 participants will be recruited to detect a statistically significant relative risk reduction of 22% with 80% power and a two-sided alpha error of 0.05, including a 10% loss to follow-up. This is a registry-based, multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 12-month duration of DAPT compared with a 3-month duration of DAPT in the LAA stroke subtype. Patients will be randomized (1:1) to either DAPT for 12 months or DAPT for 3 months, followed by monotherapy (either aspirin or clopidogrel) for the remaining 9 months. Study outcomes: The primary efficacy outcome of the study is a composite of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic), myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality for 1 year after the index stroke. The secondary efficacy outcomes are (1) stroke, (2) ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, (3) hemorrhagic stroke, and (4) all-cause mortality. The primary safety outcome is major bleeding. Discussion: This study will help stroke physicians determine the appropriate duration of dual therapy with clopidogrel-aspirin for patients with the LAA stroke subtype. Trial registration: URL: https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris. CRIS Registration Number: KCT0004407.
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| 4. |
- Hirao, Yuki, et al.
(författare)
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OGLE-2017-BLG-0406 : Spitzer Microlens Parallax Reveals Saturn-mass Planet Orbiting M-dwarf Host in the Inner Galactic Disk
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astronomical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-6256 .- 1538-3881. ; 160:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the discovery and analysis of the planetary microlensing event OGLE-2017-BLG-0406, which was observed both from the ground and by the Spitzer satellite in a solar orbit. At high magnification, the anomaly in the light curve was densely observed by ground-based-survey and follow-up groups, and it was found to be explained by a planetary lens with a planet/host mass ratio of q = 7.0 x 10(-4) from the light-curve modeling. The ground-only and Spitzer-only data each provide very strong one-dimensional (1D) constraints on the 2D microlens parallax vector pi(E). When combined, these yield a precise measurement of pi(E) and of the masses of the host M-host = 0.56 +/- 0.07 M-circle dot and planet M-planet = 0.41 +/- 0.05 M-Jup. The system lies at a distance D-L = 5.2 +/- 0.5 kpc from the Sun toward the Galactic bulge, and the host is more likely to be a disk population star according to the kinematics of the lens. The projected separation of the planet from the host is a(perpendicular to) = 3.5 +/- 0.3 au (i.e., just over twice the snow line). The Galactic-disk kinematics are established in part from a precise measurement of the source proper motion based on OGLE-IV data. By contrast, the Gaia proper-motion measurement of the source suffers from a catastrophic 10 sigma error.
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| 5. |
- Shvartzvald, Yossi, et al.
(författare)
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Spitzer Microlensing Parallax for OGLE-2017-BLG-0896 Reveals a Counter-rotating Low-mass Brown Dwarf
- 2019
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Ingår i: Astronomical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-6256 .- 1538-3881. ; 157:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The kinematics of isolated brown dwarfs in the Galaxy, beyond the solar neighborhood, is virtually unknown. Microlensing has the potential to probe this hidden population, as it can measure both the mass and five of the six phase-space coordinates (all except the radial velocity) even of a dark isolated lens. However, the measurements of both the microlens-parallax and finite-source effects are needed in order to recover the full information. Here, we combine the Spitzer satellite parallax measurement with the ground-based light curve, which exhibits strong finite-source effects, of event OGLE-2017-BLG-0896. We find two degenerate solutions for the lens (due to the known satellite-parallax degeneracy), which are consistent with each other except for their proper motion. The lens is an isolated brown dwarf with a mass of either 18 +/- 1 M-J or 20 +/- 1 M-J. This is the lowest isolated-object mass measurement to date, only similar to 45% more massive than the theoretical deuterium-fusion boundary at solar metallicity, which is the common definition of a free-floating planet. The brown dwarf is located at either 3.9 +/- 0.1 kpc or 4.1 +/- 0.1 kpc toward the Galactic bulge, but with proper motion in the opposite direction of disk stars, with one solution suggesting it is moving within the Galactic plane. While it is possibly a halo brown dwarf, it might also represent a different, unknown population.
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| 6. |
- Kim, Eui-Jin, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the impact of kinematic wave on rear-end collision using spatiotemporal wave reconstruction
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attributes of backward moving kinematic waves which signal changes in traffic conditions have long been investigated in an effort to understand how they influence the likelihood of traffic collisions. Backward moving kinematic waves can accompany abrupt reduction in spacing and when the approaching traffic do not adjust their speed at opportune time, it can lead to rear-end type of collisions.Zheng et al. (2010) reported that traffic oscillation measured by standard deviation of speed could be a significant variable for explaining crash occurrences. Xu et al. (2012) divided traffic flow into five different states using K-mean clustering, and showed that transition state from free-flow to congested flow and highly congested flow where backward moving wave occurs has the greatest impact on crash occurrences. Chung et al. (2010) investigated the attributes of kinematic waves preceding traffic collision by measuring the amplitude and speed of kinematic waves that were emanated from near recurrent bottleneck. Their finding suggested that fast backward moving wave with high amplitude increases the risk of traffic collisions. Li et al. (2014) proposed rear-end collision risk index (RCRI), which is defined by speed variance and occupancy of adjacent upstream and downstream detectors to evaluate factor affecting rear-end type of collisions and their findings indicate that RCRI and standard deviation of occupancy affect the rear-end collision likelihood.These prior studies have shown that the effect of backward moving kinematic waves through various surrogate safety measure. However, because of the limitation of loop detectors which only collect the traffic data at specific points rather than over space, most of the studies assume that traffic conditions are homogeneous within adjacent detectors. Therefore, this assumption leads to biased effect on traffic state according to distance from the detectors, and it also make bias to traffic collision model.In this study, we estimated traffic states between adjacent detectors using spatiotemporal wave reconstruction to overcome this limitation. This process reduces the bias from the homogeneous assumption on traffic flow, and allow us to evaluate the unbiased impact of kinematic wave to rear-end collision.
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| 7. |
- Ha, Hojin, et al.
(författare)
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In-vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of 4D Flow MRI Reynolds Stress Mapping for Pulsatile Blood Flow
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-4185. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Imaging hemodynamics play an important role in the diagnosis of abnormal blood flow due to vascular and valvular diseases as well as in monitoring the recovery of normal blood flow after surgical or interventional treatment. Recently, characterization of turbulent blood flow using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been demonstrated by utilizing the changes in signal magnitude depending on intravoxel spin distribution. The imaging sequence was extended with a six-directional icosahedral (ICOSA6) flow-encoding to characterize all elements of the Reynolds stress tensor (RST) in turbulent blood flow. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of full RST analysis using ICOSA6 4D flow MRI under physiological conditions. First, the turbulence analysis was performed through in vitro experiments with a physiological pulsatile flow condition. Second, a total of 12 normal subjects and one patient with severe aortic stenosis were analyzed using the same sequence. The in-vitro study showed that total turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was less affected by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), however, maximum principal turbulence shear stress (MPTSS) and total turbulence production (TP) had a noise-induced bias. Smaller degree of the bias was observed for TP compared to MPTSS. In-vivo study showed that the subject-variability on turbulence quantification was relatively low for the consistent scan protocol. The in vivo demonstration of the stenosis patient showed that the turbulence analysis could clearly distinguish the difference in all turbulence parameters as they were at least an order of magnitude larger than those from the normal subjects.
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| 8. |
- Jeong, Da-Woon, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of factors affect freeway accident occurrence using regression models focused on the Gyeongbu expressway from W. Ulsan IC to Yeongcheon IC
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of freeway accidents and injuries in South Korea are in the state standstill since late 2000s. For the prevention of freeway accident, it is necessary to identify risk factors. The purpose of this study is to model freeway accidents effectively by identifying factors which affect freeway accident occurrence. Using regression models such as Poisson regression model and negative binomial regression model, this study examines the safety effects of weather conditions, dangerous driving behaviors, and geometric structures on crash occurrence along a freeway section. This study compares models and scenarios to find out which case efficiently models the crash frequencies. It provides overall understanding of effects of the risk factors on freeway accident occurrence.This study analyzed the relationship between accident frequencies and weather conditions, dangerous driving behaviors, and geometric structures using regression models. Spatial scope of the study is a 57.6km freeway section of Gyeongbu expressway from West Ulsan IC to Yeongcheon IC. This section includes top 4 frequent accident conzones, thus safety improvement program is applicable after thorough analysis on the causes of freeway accidents. Time scope is from 2007 to 2011.
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| 9. |
- Kapuku, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Safety assessment of road facilities through visualization of dangerous driving behavior in Seoul city bus
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Buses are common sight in Seoul. According to the Seoul Open Data Plaza, a public data service of Seoul, about 7,482 city buses (including main, local, express, circular, and nightrider buses) were operated on 355 routes as of 2015. The number of passengers was estimated at 1.6 billion per year, with a daily average of 4.4 million passengers. Bus as a transport mode, accounts for about 27% of total modal share in Seoul, which makes it the second most used transport mode after the subway. In 2015, there were an estimated 1,412 city bus accidents, in which 22 people were reported killed and 2,076 injured.Many measures have been taken in terms of safety to minimize accidents, including installing special devices on buses to automatically collect drivers’ dangerous driving behavior data. In fact, unlike the subway in which cars move along fixed tracks and in a regular speed, dangerous driving occurs more frequently with buses due to the complex mixed traffic environment in which they operate, which involves a lot of attention and maneuvers. Such dangerous behaviors include sudden start, sudden stop, and sharp turn and most of them occur during lane changes. Also, as exclusive median bus lanes are operating on many main arterial roads in Seoul, entering or exiting these exclusive bus lanes may cause dangerous driving behavior which also have adverse effects on traffic flow.Considering this facts, driver’s dangerous driving behaviors may not only be caused by the driver’s condition (such fatigue, psychology) itself, but also and more importantly, they represent a reaction to the driving environment conditions, including road facilities and their elements and characteristics such as geometry, road width and lanes, signal system and more. In other worlds, by analyzing dangerous driving behaviors of several drivers in a large scale as well as their relationship with their environment, the causes can be detected and locations for safety improvements can be predicted. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of road facilities such as geometry, road width and signal system by analyzing the frequent occurrence of dangerous driving behaviors on buses.
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