| 1. |
- Babu, Karthik, et al.
(author)
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A Review on the Flammability Properties of Carbon-Based Polymeric Composites : State-of-the-Art and Future Trends
- 2020
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In: Polymers. - : MDPI. - 2073-4360. ; 12:7
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Carbon based fillers have attracted a great deal of interest in polymer composites because of their ability to beneficially alter properties at low filler concentration, good interfacial bonding with polymer, availability in different forms, etc. The property alteration of polymer composites makes them versatile for applications in various fields, such as constructions, microelectronics, biomedical, and so on. Devastations due to building fire stress the importance of flame-retardant polymer composites, since they are directly related to human life conservation and safety. Thus, in this review, the significance of carbon-based flame-retardants for polymers is introduced. The effects of a wide variety of carbon-based material addition (such as fullerene, CNTs, graphene, graphite, and so on) on reaction-to-fire of the polymer composites are reviewed and the focus is dedicated to biochar-based reinforcements for use in flame retardant polymer composites. Additionally, the most widely used flammability measuring techniques for polymeric composites are presented. Finally, the key factors and different methods that are used for property enhancement are concluded and the scope for future work is discussed.
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| 2. |
- Das, Oisik, et al.
(author)
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An Attempt to Find a Suitable Biomass for Biochar-Based Polypropylene Biocomposites
- 2018
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In: Environmental Management. - : Springer. - 0364-152X .- 1432-1009. ; 62:2, s. 403-413
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Four biomass wastes (rice husk, coffee husk, coarse wool, and landfill wood) were added with biochar and polypropylene (PP) to manufacture biocomposites. Individual biomasses were tested for their combustion behavior using cone calorimeter. Biocomposites were analyzed for their fire/thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. Wood had the most desirable comprehensive effect on both the mechanical and fire properties of composites. In particular, wood and biochar composite exhibited the highest values of tensile/flexural properties with a relatively low peak heat release rate. In general, application of waste derived biochar and biomasses drastically reduced the susceptibility of neat PP towards fire.
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| 3. |
- Das, Oisik, et al.
(author)
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Biochar to the rescue : Balancing the fire performance and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites
- 2017
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In: Polymer degradation and stability. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0141-3910 .- 1873-2321. ; 144, s. 485-496
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Biochar based wood/polypropylene (PP) composites were manufactured with two flame retardants (FRs): ammonium polyphosphate/APP and magnesium hydroxide/Mg(OH)(2). The amounts of wood and biochar were alternated for accommodating the FRs in each blend. Flammability and mechanical characterisation for both the batches containing different FRs were done. Having higher proportion of biochar and less wood is beneficial to reduce flammability. The thermally stable biochar contributes to formation of effective char to restrict O-2 transfer into PP. The higher weight ratio of biochar than wood in the composites compromised the tensile and flexural strengths to some extent as the APP and Mg(OH)(2) particles were trapped inside biochar pores consequently reducing the effectiveness of biochar pore infiltration by PP. In general, addition of biochar with a woody biomass (with FRs) to neat PP significantly impedes its flammability while enhancing certain mechanical properties, such as flexural strength and tensile/flexural moduli and preserving the tensile strength. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Das, Oisik, et al.
(author)
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The development of fire and microbe resistant sustainable gluten plastics
- 2019
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In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 222, s. 163-173
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study shows the improvement of fire and microbe resistance of sustainable (protein) plastics (i.e. wheat gluten, WG), by using triethylene glycol diamine and dialdehyde. In addition, an anti-microbial agent (lanosol) was also used separately and in combination with the diamine/dialdehyde. The network formed by the diamine and dialdehyde, during the production of compression-moulded plates, resulted in high fire performance index, large amount of char and low thermal decomposition rate. The best fire resistance was obtained by the combination of the dialdehyde and lanosol, which also yielded a char with the intact surface. The peak-heat-release-rate of this material was only 38% of that of the pure gluten material. This material also showed anti-bacterial (E. coli) properties. However, the diamine was more effective than the combination of dialdehyde/lanosol. Gluten materials with diamine resisted mould growth during a 22 days test at a relative humidity of 100%. The gluten material with the lanosol applied to the sample surface resisted mould growth during a three-week test at both ambient temperature and 37 degrees C. Despite the relatively high contents of the difunctional reagents used (15 wt%), leading to an increased stiffness in most cases, only the network formed with glyoxal resulted in a decrease in water uptake as compared to the pure gluten material.
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| 5. |
- Kim, Nam Kyeun, et al.
(author)
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Special issue “recent advances in flame-retardant polymers and composites”
- 2021
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In: Molecules. - : MDPI. - 1431-5157 .- 1420-3049. ; 26:20
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The flame-retardant performance of materials has become an increasingly crucial factor for society across a broad range of applications in aircraft, automobiles, civil infrastructure, and consumer products [...]
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| 6. |
- Perroud, Théo, et al.
(author)
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Testing bioplastic containing functionalised biochar
- 2022
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In: Polymer testing. - : Elsevier. - 0142-9418 .- 1873-2348. ; 113
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although flame retardants are very effective in reducing the fire hazard of polymeric materials, their presence may be detrimental to mechanical strength. Hence, in order to have a holistic improvement of performance properties, a new approach has been developed wherein biochar is used to host a naturally-occurring flame retardant (lanosol). The issue of loss in mechanical strength of a polymer host is alleviated by the use of biochar. Three different doping procedures were investigated, namely, dry mixing, and chemical and thermal-based doping, to integrate lanosol into the biochar pores. The doped biochar was used to develop wheat gluten-based blends. The mechanical and flammability properties of the blends were assessed. It was found that thermal doping was the most effective in introducing significant amounts of lanosol particles inside the biochar pores. The bioplastic containing chemically, and thermally doped biochar had equal tensile strength (5.2 MPa), which was comparable to that of the unmodified material (5.4 MPa). The thermally doped biochar displayed the lowest cone calorimeter peak heat release rate (636 kW m−2) for combustion and the highest apparent activation energy (32.4 kJ mol−1) for decomposition. Thus, for flame retarding protein-based matrices, the use of additives thermally doped into biochar is recommended to both simultaneously improve fire-resistance and conserve mechanical strength.
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