| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
-
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Kim, Minjin, et al.
(författare)
-
Conformal quantum dot-SnO2 layers as electron transporters for efficient perovskite solar cells
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375:6578, s. 302-306
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improvements to perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have focused on increasing their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability and maintaining high performance upon scale-up to module sizes. We report that replacing the commonly used mesoporous-titanium dioxide electron transport layer (ETL) with a thin layer of polyacrylic acid-stabilized tin(IV) oxide quantum dots (paa-QD-SnO2) on the compact-titanium dioxide enhanced light capture and largely suppressed nonradiative recombination at the ETL-perovskite interface. The use of paa-QD-SnO2 as electron-selective contact enabled PSCs (0.08 square centimeters) with a PCE of 25.7% (certified 25.4%) and high operational stability and facilitated the scale-up of the PSCs to larger areas. PCEs of 23.3, 21.7, and 20.6% were achieved for PSCs with active areas of 1, 20, and 64 square centimeters, respectively.
|
|
| 5. |
- Müller, Kathrin, et al.
(författare)
-
De novo mutations in SOD1 are a cause of ALS
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0022-3050 .- 1468-330X. ; 93, s. 201-206
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The only identified cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are mutations in a number of genes found in familial cases but also in sporadic cases. De novo mutations occurring in a parental gonadal cell, in the zygote or postzygotic during embryonal development can result in an apparently sporadic/isolated case of ALS later in life. We searched for de novo mutations in SOD1 as a cause of ALS.Methods: We analysed peripheral-blood exome, genome and Sanger sequencing to identify deleterious mutations in SOD1 in 4000 ALS patients from Germany, South Korea and Sweden. Parental kinship was confirmed using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers across the genome. Medical genealogical and clinical data were reviewed and compared with the literature.Results: We identified four sporadic ALS cases with de novo mutations in SOD1. They aggregate in hot-spot codons earlier found mutated in familial cases. Their phenotypes match closely what has earlier been reported in familial cases with pathogenic mutations in SOD1. We also encountered familial cases where de novo mutational events in recent generations may have been involved.Conclusions: De novo mutations are a cause of sporadic ALS and may also be underpinning smaller families with few affected ALS cases. It was not possible to ascertain if the origin of the de novo mutations was parental germline, zygotic or postzygotic during embryonal development. All ALS patients should be offered genetic counselling and genetic screening, the challenges of variant interpretation do not outweigh the potential benefits including earlier confirmed diagnosis and possible bespoken therapy.Data availability statement: Data are available upon reasonable request. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Baek, Seung Ki, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Comment on `Six-state clock model on the square lattice: Fisher zeroapproach with Wang-Landau sampling'
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Physical Review E. Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. - 1063-651X .- 1095-3787. ; 81:6, s. 3101-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hwang in [Phys. Rev. E {\bf{80}}, 042103 (2009)] suggested that the two transitions of the six-state clock model on the square lattice are\emph{not} of the Kosterlitz-Thouless type. Here we show from simulations thatat the upper transition, the helicity modulus does make a discontinuous jumpto zero. This gives strong evidence for a Kosterlitz-Thoulesstransition.
|
|
| 8. |
- Baek, Seung Ki, et al.
(författare)
-
Critical condition of the water-retention model
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Physical Review E. Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. - : American Physical Society. - 1539-3755 .- 1550-2376. ; 85:3, s. 032103-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study how much water can be retained without leaking through boundarieswhen each unit square of a two-dimensional lattice is randomly assigned a blockof unit bottom area but with different heights from zero to $n-1$.As more blocks are put into the system,there exists a phase transition beyond whichthe system retains a macroscopic volume of water.We locate the critical points and verify that the criticalitybelongs to the two-dimensional percolation universality class.If the height distribution can be approximated as continuous for large $n$,the system is always close to a critical point and the fraction of the areabelow the resulting water level is given by the percolation threshold.This provides a universal upper bound ofareas that can be covered by water in a random landscape.
|
|
| 9. |
- Baek, Seung Ki, et al.
(författare)
-
Critical temperatures of the three- and four-state Potts models on the kagome lattice
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Physical Review E. Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. - : American Physical Society. - 1063-651X .- 1095-3787. ; 83:6, s. 061104-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The value of the internal energy per spin is independent of the strip widthfor a certain class of spin systems on two dimensional infinite strips. Itis verified that the Ising model on the kagome lattice belongs to this classthrough an exact transfer-matrix calculation of the internal energy for thetwo smallest widths. More generally, one can suggest an upper bound forthe critical coupling strength $K_c(q)$ for the $q$-state Potts model fromexact calculations of the internal energy for the two smallest stripwidths. Combining this with the corresponding calculation for the duallattice and using an exact duality relation enables us to conjecture thecritical coupling strengths for the three- and four-state Pottsmodels on the kagome lattice. The values are $K_c(q=3)=1.056~509~426~929~0$and $K_c(q=4) = 1.149~360~587~229~2$,and the values can, in principle, be obtained to an arbitrary precision. Wediscuss the fact that these values are in the middle of earlierapproximate results and furthermore differ from earlier conjecturesfor the exact values.
|
|
| 10. |
- Baek, Seung Ki, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Curvature-induced frustration in the XY model on hyperbolic surfaces
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. - 1539-3755. ; 79:6, s. 060106(R)-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study low-temperature properties of the XY spin model on a negatively curved surface. Geometric curvature of the surface gives rise to frustration in local spin configuration, which results in the formation of high-energy spin clusters scattered over the system. Asymptotic behavior of the spin-glass susceptibility suggests a zero-temperature glass transition, which is attributed to multiple optimal configurations of spin clusters due to nonzero surface curvature of the system. It implies that a constant ferromagnetic spin interaction on a regular lattice can exhibit glasslike behavior without possessing any disorder if the lattice is put on top of a negatively curved space such as a hyperbolic surface.
|
|
