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- Mkude, Isabela T., et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge, attitudes and practices (Kap) on fecal sludge resource recovery and reuse in dares Salaam, Tanzania
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. - : IWA Publishing. - 2043-9083 .- 2408-9362. ; 11:5, s. 758-770
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resource recovery and reuse (RRR) of fecal sludge (FS) from onsite sanitation systems describes the concept of turning human waste into valuable end products. However, studies on peoples’ perceptions of FS-derived products are still limited. Guided by the knowledge, attitudes and practices framework, and data from a survey of 395 households, focus group discussions and key informant interviews, this article explores how residents in three unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania view FS RRR (FS-RRR). Results indicate that residents’ knowledge about FS-RRR is moderately low. Moreover, residents generally have negative attitudes toward using FS-derived products, except for those not directly consumed, such as biogas or FS-briquettes. Additionally, only a few residents have engaged in any FS-RRR prac-tices. We conclude that to increase local acceptance of FS-RRR will require significant efforts by a multitude of actors, not least to dispel myths linked to human waste, but also to raise awareness and demonstrate the benefits and safety of FS-derived products. The Tanzanian government must take the lead in this process and should start by prioritizing the improvement of fecal sludge management (FSM) to enable such a shift.
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- Mwamlima, Petro, et al.
(författare)
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Potential use of faecal sludge derived char briquettes as an alternative cooking energy source in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- 2023
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Ingår i: Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances. - 2773-0492. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coprophobia considers faecal sludge (FS) as an unpleasing raw or partially digested faecal waste with no recycling value. However, this so-called waste is claimed to have tremendous recycling values after being pyrolyzed. This study hypothesised that char briquettes made from FS might have the potential of replacing charcoal consumption in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Quantitative methods were used to examine the proximate, emissions and environmental benefits of faecal sludge char briquettes against wood charcoal from Dalbergia melanoxylon (locally known as Mpingo). Results revealed that FS collected during the dry season was thicker (26% total solids) than that during the rainy season (20% total solids), the difference is statistically significant with p= 6.12405E-14 at α=0.05. The dewatered and further dried FS to at least 90% total solids had an energy value of 11 - 12 MJ/kg which is less than that of uncarbonized wood (firewood) which is 19 MJ/kg. Production of FS char briquettes bonded by paper waste has a lower energy value (13 MJ/kg) than that bonded by cassava starch (14.6 MJ/kg). The average energy value of FS char briquettes is almost half that of wood charcoal (26 MJ/kg), meaning that to replace 1 kg of charcoal consumption, then 2 kg of FS char briquettes is required. Nevertheless, due to an ineffective collection of FS to be used in the production of char briquettes, only 8% of charcoal consumption in the city can be replaced. The produced briquettes are recommended to be used in open kitchens where there is plenty of oxygen circulation because they emit carbon monoxide that is higher than the allowable limits by the Tanzania Bureau of Standards.
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- Seleman, Amour, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers of unhygienic desludging practices in unplanned settlements of dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. - : IWA Publishing. - 2043-9083 .- 2408-9362. ; 10:3, s. 512-526
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Desludging is considered a key step in urban sanitation improvement. Nevertheless, in most urban unplanned settlements, desludging is performed in an unhygienic manner, risking public health. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse the underlying factors for unhygienic desludging in three urban unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Factors for unhygienic desludging were analysed using logistic regression analysis and the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH), respectively. It was found that 23.7% of the surveyed houses practised unhygienic desludging. Plot physical inaccessibility, outdated laws that stipulate low penalties and the lack of routine data were found to be key contextual factors. Furthermore, perceived inability to control unhygienic desludging among community members and the lack of feeling of shame among those performing unhygienic desludging are the key psychosocial factors. Technological factors contributing to continued practice of unhygienic desludging can be linked to the weakness in existing desludging technologies and general skepticism about the performance of manual desludging hand pumps. This paper concludes that unhygienic desludging in Dar es Salaam is likely to continue unless such factors are considered and integrated into the city’s sanitation improvement plans.
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- Seleman, Amour, et al.
(författare)
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Faecal sludge containment characteristics and their implications on safe desludging in unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797. ; 295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In unplanned urban settlements, where onsite sanitation systems are the norm, desludging of faecal sludge (FS) containments is a necessity because of the lack of land space to enable new construction. Poorly designed toilet facilities however may jeopardize the progress towards attainment of safely managed sanitation. This study examined FS characteristics and containment design and their effect on safe desludging with a case of two selected unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The analysis focused on design features for the strength of the containment, access to the containment, and desludging characteristics of the FS. The Desludgeability potential of FS was determined on basis of flow behaviour explained in terms of moisture content and volatile solids. Research results showed that partially lined pits, lack of containment access holes and solid wastes are design and usage features which negatively affect containment strength and potential for safe desludging. The analysis further found that, only 54.8% of containments studied have FS that can be desludged by either mechanized or hand pumps. Pour flush toilets and septic tanks indicated a slightly higher potential for safe desludging compared to traditional pit latrines, however, the difference is not statistically significant (P = 0.180). Thus, safe desludging is a problem across all types of containments. To enhance safe desludging in Dar es Salaam, three key design features and usage ought to be urgently addressed: first, a requirement to ensure that all pits are fully lined inside, second, the mandatory presence of an access hole for FS desludging and third, limitations on solid waste entering the pits.
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- Thomas Mkunde, Isabela, et al.
(författare)
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Potential Economic and Environmental Benefits of Faecal Sludge Derived Compost and Char Briquettes: The case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Tanzania Journal of Science. - : African Journals Online (AJOL). - 0856-1761 .- 2507-7961. ; 48:2, s. 383-393
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of resource recovery, particularly from waste has recently gained much attention and popularity. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential economic and environmental benefits of recovering nutrients and energy from faecal sludge (FS). The empirical data were collected from three unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam City at Keko, Kipawa and Manzese. Two scenarios were developed to recover nutrients and energy. The estimations of potential amounts of compost and char briquettes were performed by using the resource value mapping (REVAMP) tool. Results from REVAMP indicated daily economic benefits across the study areas ranging between 680 and 950 USD for energy and up to 7,000 USD for nutrients recovered, based on the faecal sludge composition. In general, FS derived compost was found more profitable than FS derived briquettes. The analyzed environmental benefits include saving the estimated to 5 hectares of forest area from being cut when substituting the use of wood charcoal with FS-derived briquettes. Since the composting process resulted to be more profitable option between the two, this study recommends the adoption and scaling up. However, guidelines and standards should be developed for proper practices.
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