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- Santangelo, James S., et al.
(författare)
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Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural dines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale.
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- Fielding, R. A., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of structured physical activity and nutritional supplementation on physical function in mobility-limited older adults : Results from the VIVE2 randomized trial
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1279-7707 .- 1760-4788. ; 21:9, s. 936-942
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interactions between nutritional supplementation and physical activity on changes in physical function among older adults remain unclear. The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of nutritional supplementation plus structured physical activity on 400M walk capacity in mobility-limited older adults across two sites (Boston, USA and Stockholm, Sweden). All subjects participated in a physical activity program (3x/week for 24 weeks), involving walking, strength, balance, and flexibility exercises. Subjects were randomized to a daily nutritional supplement (150kcal, 20g whey protein, 800 IU vitamin D) or placebo (30kcal, non-nutritive). Participants were recruited from urban communities at 2 field centers in Boston MA USA and Stockholm SWE. Mobility-limited (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) ae9) and vitamin D insufficient (serum 25(OH) D 9 - 24 ng/ml) older adults were recruited for this study. Primary outcome was gait speed assessed by the 400M walk. Results: 149 subjects were randomized into the study (mean age=77.5 +/- 5.4; female=46.3%; mean SPPB= 7.9 +/- 1.2; mean 25(OH)D=18.7 +/- 6.4 ng/ml). Adherence across supplement and placebo groups was similar (86% and 88%, respectively), and was also similar across groups for the physical activity intervention (75% and 72%, respectively). Both groups demonstrated an improvement in gait speed with no significant difference between those who received the nutritional supplement compared to the placebo (0.071 and 0.108 m/s, respectively (p=0.06)). Similar effects in physical function were observed using the SPPB. Serum 25(OH)D increased in supplemented group compared to placebo 7.4 ng/ml versus 1.3 ng/ml respectively. Results suggest improved gait speed following physical activity program with no further improvement with added nutritional supplementation.
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- von Berens, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Physical performance and serum 25(OH)vitamin D status in community dwelling old mobility limited adults : A cross-sectional study
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1279-7707 .- 1760-4788. ; 22:1, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives:To examine the potential association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D and theperformance on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) including the sub-components; five repeatedchair stands test, 4 meters walk test and balance in older mobility-limited community-dwelling men and women.Design:A cross sectional study was performed in American and Swedish subjects who were examined forpotential participation in a combined exercise and nutrition intervention trial. Logistic regression analysis andlinear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association for 25(OH)D with the overall score onthe SBBP, chair stand, gait speed and balance.Participants:Community-dwelling (mean age 77.6 ± 5.3 years)mobility limited American (n=494) and Swedish (n=116) females (59%) and males.Measurements:The SPPB(0-12 points) includes chair stand (s), gait speed (m/s) and a balance test. Mobility limitation i.e., SPPB score ≤9 was an inclusion criterion. A blood sample was obtained to measure serum 25(OH)vitamin D concentrations.Results:No clear association of 25(OH)D with SPPB scores was detected either when 25(OH)D was assessedas a continuous variable or when categorized according to serum concentrations of <50, 50-75 or <75 nmol/L.However, when analyzing the relationship between 25(OH)D and seconds to perform the chair stands, asignificant quadratic relationship was observed. Thus, at serum levels of 25(OH)D above 74 nmol/L, higherconcentrations appeared to be advantageous for the chair stand test, whereas for serum levels below 74 nmol/Lthis association was not observed.Conclusion: This cross- sectional study lacked clear association betweenserum 25(OH)D and physical performance in mobility limited adults. A potentially interesting observation wasthat at higher serum levels of 25(OH)D a better performance on the chair stand test was indicated.
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