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- Schijven, Dick, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale analysis of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 120:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Left-right asymmetry is an important organizing feature of the healthy brain that may be altered in schizophrenia, but most studies have used relatively small samples and heterogeneous approaches, resulting in equivocal findings. We carried out the largest case-control study of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia, with MRI data from 5,080 affected individuals and 6,015 controls across 46 datasets, using a single image analysis protocol. Asymmetry indexes were calculated for global and regional cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volume measures. Differences of asymmetry were calculated between affected individuals and controls per dataset, and effect sizes were meta-analyzed across datasets. Small average case-control differences were observed for thickness asymmetries of the rostral anterior cingulate and the middle temporal gyrus, both driven by thinner left-hemispheric cortices in schizophrenia. Analyses of these asymmetries with respect to the use of antipsychotic medication and other clinical variables did not show any significant associations. Assessment of age- and sex-specific effects revealed a stronger average leftward asymmetry of pallidum volume between older cases and controls. Case-control differences in a multivariate context were assessed in a subset of the data (N = 2,029), which revealed that 7% of the variance across all structural asymmetries was explained by case-control status. Subtle case-control differences of brain macrostructural asymmetry may reflect differences at the molecular, cytoarchitectonic, or circuit levels that have functional relevance for the disorder. Reduced left middle temporal cortical thickness is consistent with altered left-hemisphere language network organization in schizophrenia.
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| 6. |
- Bourlat, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nature. ; 444:7115, s. 85-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deuterostomes comprise vertebrates, the related invertebrate chordates (tunicates and cephalochordates) and three other inver- tebrate taxa: hemichordates, echinoderms and Xenoturbella1. The relationships between invertebrate and vertebrate deuterostomes are clearly important for understanding our own distant origins. Recent phylogenetic studies of chordate classes and a sea urchin have indicated that urochordates might be the closest inverte- brate sister group of vertebrates, rather than cephalochordates, as traditionally believed2–5. More remarkable is the suggestion that cephalochordates are closer to echinoderms than to vertebrates and urochordates, meaning that chordates are paraphyletic2. To study the relationships among all deuterostome groups, we have assembled an alignment of more than 35,000 homologous amino acids, including new data from a hemichordate, starfish and Xenoturbella. We have also sequenced the mitochondrial genome of Xenoturbella. We support the clades Olfactores (urochordates and vertebrates) and Ambulacraria (hemichordates and echino- derms6). Analyses using our new data, however, do not support a cephalochordate and echinoderm grouping and we conclude that chordates are monophyletic. Finally, nuclear and mitochondrial data place Xenoturbella as the sister group of the two ambulacrar- ian phyla1. As such, Xenoturbella is shown to be an independent phylum, Xenoturbellida, bringing the number of living deutero- stome phyla to four.
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- Kirschner, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of deposition and erosion of injected WF6 and MoF6 in TEXTOR
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nuclear Materials and Energy. - : Elsevier. - 2352-1791.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tracer injection experiments in TEXTOR with MoF 6 and WF 6 lead to local deposition of about 6% for Mo and about 1% for W relative to the injected amount of Mo and W atoms. Modelling of these experiments has been done with ERO applying updated data for physical sputtering. The dissociation of the injected molecules has been treated in a simplified manner due to the lack of dissociation rate coefficients. How- ever, with this it was possible to reproduce the observed radial penetration of Mo and W atoms into the plasma. The modelled local deposition efficiencies are about 50% for Mo and 60% for W assuming typical plasma parameters for the experimental conditions used. To reproduce the measured deposition efficien- cies an enhancement factor for the erosion of deposited Mo and W has to be assumed ( ∼10 for Mo and ∼25 for W). Due to the rather low electron temperature T e of these plasma conditions (T e ∼15 eV at the location of injection), Mo and W are mostly sputtered by impurities whereas sputtering due to deuterium is negligible. A parameter study applying larger electron temperature leads to increased sputtering and thus to reduced local deposition efficiencies of about 30% for Mo and 5% for W. Though, even under these conditions enhanced erosion, albeit with reduced enhancement factors, is needed in the modelling to obtain the small measured deposition efficiencies.
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- Kolarević, Stoimir, et al.
(författare)
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Danube River in Serbia associated with the discharge of untreated wastewaters
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 783
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Serbia less than 13% of collected municipal wastewaters is being treated before their release in the environment. This includes all municipal wastewater discharges from Belgrade (capital city of Serbia; population 1,700,000). Previous research has identified the impacts of raw wastewater discharges from Belgrade on the Danube River, and this study investigated if such discharges also provided a pathway for SARS-CoV-2 RNA material. Samples were collected during the most critical circumstances that occurred so far within the COVID-19 pandemics in Serbia. Grab and composite samples were collected in December 2020, during the peak of the third wave (in terms of reported cases) at the site which receives the wastewater loads in Belgrade. Grab samples collected upstream and downstream of Belgrade were also analyzed. RNA was quantified using RT-qPCR with primer sets targeting nucleocapsid (N1 and N2) and envelope (E) protein genes. SARS-CoV-2 RNA (5.97 × 103 to 1.32 × 104 copies/L) was detected only in samples collected at the site strongly impacted by the wastewaters where all three applied primer sets gave positive signals. Determined concentrations correspond to those reported in wastewater influents sampled at treatment plants in other countries indicating an epidemiological indicator function of used approach for rivers with high pollution loads in countries with poor wastewater treatment.
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- Litnovsky, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon transport, deposition and fuel accumulation in castellated structures exposed in TEXTOR
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 367, s. 1481-1486
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to maintain the thermo-mechanical durability of ITER it is proposed to castellate the interior surface of the first wall and divertor by splitting them into small-size cells [W. Daener et a]., Fusion Eng. Des. 61&62 (2002) 61]. A concern is the accumulation of fuel in the gaps of the castellation. In TEXTOR, molybdenum limiters were exposed in the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma to assess fuel accumulation. The first limiter was exposed under deposition-dominated conditions. Carbon deposits were formed both on top surfaces and in the gaps. About 0.12% of the impinging D-fluence was found in the gaps. Another castellated limiter was exposed under erosion-dominated conditions. Deposited layers were found only on the plasma shadowed areas of the gaps. A significant amount of molybdenum from the limiter was found intermixed in the deposit. The gaps contained similar to 0.03% of the impinging D-fluence. Modeling was performed to simulate carbon transport into the gaps.
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| 10. |
- Moon, Sunwoo, et al.
(författare)
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Fuel inventory and impurity deposition in castellated tungsten tiles in KSTAR : experiment and modelling
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physica Scripta. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0031-8949 .- 1402-4896. ; T171:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plasma-facing components have castellated structure for thermo-mechanical durability and integrity under high heat flux loads. However, fuel co-deposition in the grooves of the castellation may enhance fuel retention. In KSTAR, castellated tungsten tiles were tested to investigate the impact of tile shaping and misalignment on the retention. The tiles with poloidal and toroidal gaps of 0.5 mm were exposed at the divertor during a whole campaign encompassing 4364 s of plasma operation. Surfaces inside the gaps were analysed by means of 3He-based micro-NRA, ERDA and PIXE. Modelling of carbon deposition was performed with the impurity transport code 3D-GAPS assuming impurity penetration along the magnetic field lines with plasma-wetted areas defined by simple geometrical shadowing. The main deposited element is carbon with different concentration at the entrance of the groove, dependent on the tile shaping: 6 x 10(17) cm(-2) for a chamfered and misaligned gap and up to 283 x 10(17) cm(-2) for a flat and aligned gap. The deposition patterns are exponentially decreased to 4-10 x 10(16) cm(-2) inside the gap. Deuterium concentration in the gaps described above ranges, respectively, from 2 x 10(17) cm(-2) to 50 x 10(17) cm(-2) at the top of the groove and decreases to 1-4 x 10(16) cm(-2) following the carbon deposition trends. The highest carbon and deuterium densities are measured at the plasma-exposed side of the flat tile and aligned gap. Modelled deposition profiles reproduce qualitatively the experimentally observed trends.
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