| 1. |
- Lappi, Emma
(författare)
-
Post-entrepreneurship productivity
- 2020
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent decades, public policies have been implemented to encourage individuals to become entrepreneurs. However, the individual and social benefits of such policies when some of these individuals eventually leave entrepreneurship are unclear. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically assess the productivity effects arising from the labor market experience of entrepreneurship, measured as self-employment, in subsequent wage employment.This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four independent papers. The four papers evaluate the consequences of the self-employment experience either for the individuals’ wages or for firm productivity when firms hire such individuals. All the papers compare the self-employment experience relative to wage employment.The first paper estimates how individuals’ earnings are influenced in post-entrepreneurship careers when they return to wage employment. The findings suggest that former entrepreneurs suffer large earnings losses, especially in the first year as employees, and for the higher educated, these losses persist even after seven years in employment. The second paper studies the role of professional ties in entry wages when finding employment after self-employment. The results show that even when using former coworker ties in the hiring process, the former self-employed, except for those who have ties with incumbent employees when they had their own firm, earn significantly lower entry wages.The third paper evaluates the productivity effects of different labor flows, with an emphasis on hiring former entrepreneurs. The paper finds that new hires who come from entrepreneurship, in general, are just as productive as those employees hired from another firm but are more productive than those coming from unemployment. The fourth paper analyzes how having employees with former entrepreneurship experience is related to firm productivity. The results show that having more former entrepreneurs as employees in a firm increases performance.
|
|
| 2. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
How Local are Spatial Density Externalities? Neighbourhood Effects in Agglomeration Economies
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Regional Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 50:6, s. 1082-1095
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Andersson M., Klaesson J. and Larsson J. P. How local are spatial density externalities? Neighbourhood effects in agglomeration economies, Regional Studies. The geographic scale at which density externalities operate is analysed in this paper. Using geocoded high-resolution data, the analysis is focused on exogenously determined within-city squares (‘neighbourhoods’) of 1 km2. The analysis confirms a city-wide employment density–wage elasticity and an economically significant density–wage elasticity at the neighbourhood level that attenuate sharply with distance. Panel estimates over 20 years suggest a neighbourhood density–wage elasticity of about 3%, while the city-wide elasticity is about 1%. It is argued that the neighbourhood level is more prone to capture learning, e.g. through knowledge and information spillovers. This interpretation is supported by (1) significantly larger neighbourhood elasticities for university educated workers and (2) sharper attenuation with distance of the effect for such workers.
|
|
| 3. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
The sources of the urban wage premium by worker skills: Spatial sorting or agglomeration economies?
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Papers in Regional Science. - : Wiley. - 1056-8190 .- 1435-5957. ; 93:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimate the respective importance of spatial sorting and agglomeration economies in explaining the urban wage premium for workers with different sets of skills. Sorting is the main source of the wage premium. Agglomeration economies are in general small, but are larger for workers with skills associated with non-routine job tasks. They also appear to involve human capital accumulation, as evidenced by the change in the wage of workers moving away from denser regions. For workers with routine jobs, agglomeration economies are virtually non-existent. Our results provide further evidence of spatial density bringing about productivity advantages primarily in contexts when problem-solving and interaction with others are important.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Klaesson, Axel, et al.
(författare)
-
Improved efficiency of in situ protein analysis by proximity ligation using UnFold probes
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have redesigned probes for in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), resulting in more efficient localized detection of target proteins. In situ PLA depends on recognition of target proteins by pairs of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (PLA probes), which jointly give rise to DNA circles that template localized rolling circle amplification reactions. The requirement for dual recognition of the target proteins improves selectivity by ignoring any cross-reactivity not shared by the antibodies, and it allows detection of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications. We herein describe an improved design of the PLA probes -UnFold probes - where all elements required for formation of circular DNA strands are incorporated in the probes. Premature interactions between the UnFold probes are prevented by including an enzymatic "unfolding" step in the detection reactions. This allows DNA circles to form by pairs of reagents only after excess reagents have been removed. We demonstrate the performance of UnFold probes for detection of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications in fixed cells and tissues, revealing considerably more efficient signal generation. We also apply the UnFold probes to detect IL-6 in solution phase after capture on solid supports, demonstrating increased sensitivity over both normal sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and conventional PLA assays.
|
|
| 7. |
- Klaesson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Accessibility and market potential analysis
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Handbook of research methods and applications in economic geography. - Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9780857932662 - 9780857932679 ; , s. 412-435
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this chapter is to overview the advances in the field of measuring and modeling the influence of geographic market potential and accessibility. In general the models are designed to assess the influence on location choices and growth performance. The initial question concerns the relationship between the two concepts ‘market potential’ and ‘accessibility’. Accessibility can be defined as the ability to reach goods, services, activities or destinations. Market potential can be described as the possibility of reaching customers, demand or some other resource. Both concepts have a long tradition in research. The concepts are often used to describe similar or even the same sort of phenomena. Evidently, we have two related concepts that essentially mean the same thing. Examples of this are illustrated by the following statements. ‘The concept of accessibility is not a new one, and has been introduced into regional economics and trade under the form of market potential’ (Behrens and Thisse, 2007, p. 462). The measure is ‘often called a potential accessibility index (sometimes simply called market potential), that measures accessibility’ (Yoshida and Diechmann, 2009, p. 3). In Combes et al. (2008, p. 304), the authors refer to Harris’s concept of market potential as ‘an indicator for the degree of accessibility to market’.
|
|
| 8. |
- Lappi, Emma, et al.
(författare)
-
Does education matter for the earnings of former entrepreneurs? Longitudinal evidence using entry and exit dynamics
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 32:3, s. 827-865
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wage employment is the most commonly observed type of employment after a spell of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of having been an entrepreneur on earnings after individuals exit. The question is how the entrepreneurship spell influences their value in the labor market? Based on a theoretical framework and earlier literature, our specific interest lies in how these outcomes interact with education level and the nature of the entrepreneurial venture. To investigate this question, we use longitudinal register data on firms and individuals in Sweden. The empirical strategy builds on matching techniques and estimations of earnings equations in a difference-in-differences framework with heterogenous treatment years. We provide evidence that there exists an earnings penalty when highly educated entrepreneurs return to wage employment. This effect is persistent throughout the time period that we observe. For individuals with lower educational attainment, we find no or weak evidence of a wage penalty. Our results suggest that the wage penalty for highly educated individuals operates through the depreciation of specific specialized skills valuable in wage employment.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Larsson, Johan P.
(författare)
-
Nonmarket Interactions and Density Externalities
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The four individual papers in this thesis all explore some aspect of the relationship between productivity and the density of economic activity.The first paper (co-authored with Martin Andersson, and Johan Klaesson) establishes the general relationship between regional density and average labor productivity; a relationship that is particularly strong for workers in interactive professions. In the paper, we also caution that much of the observed differences are not causal effects of density, but driven by sorting of actors todense environments.Paper number two (co-authored with Martin Andersson, and Johan Klaesson) addresses the attenuation of density externalities with space. Using data on the neighborhood-level, and information on first- and second-order neighboring areas, we conclude that the neighborhood effects are stronger for highly educated workers, and that the attenuation of the effect is sharp.In the third paper, I estimate an individual-level wage equation to assess appropriate levels of aggregation when analyzing density externalities. I conclude that failure to use data on the neighborhood level will severely understate the benefits of working in the central parts of modern cities.The fourth paper departs from the conclusions of the previous chapters, and asks whether firms position themselves to benefit from density externalities. Judging by job switching patterns, the attenuation of density externalities are a real issue for the metropolitan workforce. Employees, especially those in interactive professions, tend to move short distances between employers, consistent with clustering to take advantage of significant but sharply attenuating human capital externalities.
|
|
