| 1. |
- Bernhofen, Daniel M., et al.
(författare)
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Estimating the effects of the container revolution on world trade
- 2013
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The introduction of containerization triggered complementary technological and organizational changes that revolutionized global freight transport. Despite numerous claims about the importance of containerization in stimulating international trade, econometric estimates on the effects of containerization on trade appear to be missing. Our paper fills this gap in the literature. Our key idea is to exploit time and cross-sectional variation in countries’ adoption of port or railway container facilities to construct a time-varying bilateral technology variable and estimate its effect on explaining variations in bilateral product level trade flows in a large panel for the period 1962-1990. Our estimates suggest that containerization did not only stimulate trade in containerizable products (like auto parts) but also had complementary effects on non-containerizables (like automobiles). As expected, we find larger effects on North-North trade than on North-South or South-South trade and much smaller effects when ignoring railway containerization. Regarding North-North trade, the cumulative average treatment effects of containerization over a 20 year time period amount to about 700%, can be interpreted as causal, and are much larger than the effects of free trade agreements or the GATT. In a nutshell, we provide the first econometric evidence for containerization to be a driver of 20th century economic globalization.
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| 2. |
- El-Sahli, Zouheir, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating the effects of the container revolution on world trade
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of International Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-0353 .- 0022-1996. ; 98, s. 36-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many historical accounts have asserted that containerization triggered complementary technological and organizational changes that revolutionized global freight transport. We are the first to suggest an identification strategy for estimating the effects of the container revolution on world trade. Our empirical strategy exploits time and cross-sectional variation in countries’ first adoption of container facilities and combines it with product-level variation in containerizability and container usage. Applying our container variables on a large panel of product level trade flows for the period 1962-1990, our estimates suggest economically large concurrent and cumulative effects of containerization and lend support for the view of containerization being a driver of 20th century economic globalization.
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| 3. |
- Greenaway, David, et al.
(författare)
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Exporting may not always boost firm productivity
- 2005
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Ingår i: Review of World Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1610-2878 .- 1610-2886. ; 141:4, s. 561-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large empirical literature suggests the performance characteristics of firms that export are different from firms that do not. Specifically, exporters tend to be larger, more productive and pay higher wages than non-exporters. This paper reports on an econometric analysis of the characteristics of exporters and nonexporters in Swedish manufacturing industry. We use matching and difference-in-differences analysis to investigate a panel data set on a large number of firms and spanning almost 20 years. Some of our results echo those reported elsewhere. However, in contrast to the findings for every other country analysed so far, we find that the performance characteristics of exporters and non-exporters are remarkably similar. In particular, we find no evidence of pre- or post-entry differences in firm level productivity. This is a striking outcome, probably driven by the extremely high openness of the Swedish economy JEL no. F14.
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| 4. |
- Greenaway, David, et al.
(författare)
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Live or Let Die? Alternative Routes to Industry Exit
- 2009
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Ingår i: Open Economies Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-708X .- 0923-7992. ; 20:3, s. 317-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Each year around 8% of Swedish manufacturing firms leave an industry. Of the exit routes available, the least likely is firm closure. Firms are more likely to merge, become acquired or switch to a new industry. We investigate the importance of a range of firm and industry characteristics for the exit decision of Swedish firms from 1980–1996. From our analysis two patterns are evident. First, firms that close down appear to be the most distinct compared to those that remain within the sector. Second the same characteristics can have quite different associations with different exit strategies.
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| 5. |
- Greenaway, David, et al.
(författare)
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Surviving Globalisation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of International Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-0353 .- 0022-1996. ; 74:2, s. 264-277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the effects of international trade on firms' strategies for industry exit, either via closedown, switching industry or being acquired. We use a rich dataset of Swedish firms that extends over two decades to track firm choices between alternative strategies. We find that higher levels of international competition increase the probability of exit by merger and closedown. If trade is more intra-industry in character, the effect of import penetration on the probability of exit is less. The probability of exit by switching industry is higher in revealed comparative disadvantage industries. Finally, we find that the geographical source of international competition is important, the effects of trade on exit being strongest when trading partners are other OECD countries.
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| 6. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Do Immigrants Spur Offshoring? : Firm-Level Evidence
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Offshoring is an important aspect of firms’ internationalization. However, offshoring comes at a cost, especially where information or trust is lacking. Immigrant employees could reduce such offshoring costs through their knowledge of their former home countries and via access to foreign networks. We develop a framework of heterogeneous final-good firms to guide our empirical analysis and draw on new employer-employee data for approximately 12,000 Swedish firms during the time period 1998-2007. Our results support the hypothesis that immigrant employees spur offshoring activities by firms through lower offshoring costs. Hiring one additional foreign-born worker can increase offshoring up to three percent on average, with skilled migrants having the strongest effects.
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| 7. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Do Immigrants Spur Offshoring? : Firm-Level Evidence
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Offshoring provides firms with opportunities for internationalization and growth. But, offshoring comes at a cost, especially in presence of inadequate information and trust friction. Immigrant employees could reduce such offshoring transaction costs through their knowledge of former home countries and via access to foreign networks. This is the first firm-level study on migration and offshoring. In estimating a firm-level gravity model on new employer-employee data for approximately 12,000 Swedish firms during the time period 1998-2007, we are able to show that immigrant employees have a significant and positive impact on offshoring. Hiring one additional foreign-born worker can spur offshoring with up to three percent on average, and even more to low-income countries. The findings of this study could have potentially important policy implications. In addition to showing that immigrants could provide options for countries that aim to promote offshoring, the results introduce a completely new channel through which migration may promote development, through offshoring. This could encourage governments of developed nations to enhance their emphasis on migration as a tool for supporting private sector development in emerging economies.
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| 8. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Immigrant employment and the contract enforcement costs of offshoring
- 2024
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Ingår i: Review of World Economics. - : Springer. - 1610-2878 .- 1610-2886.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Offshoring continues to be an important dimension of firms' internationalization choices. However, offshoring also increases contract enforcement costs by inhibiting the coordination and monitoring of performance. Immigrant employees may reduce such costs through their specific knowledge of the employer, their country of birth and access to foreign networks. In this paper, we investigate the role of immigrant employees within firms on firm offshoring, employing rich administrative Swedish microlevel data that include specific information about the characteristics of employees, manufacturing firms and their bilateral offshoring. Our results support the hypothesis that immigrant employees increase offshoring by lowering contract enforcement costs. Hiring one additional immigrant employee is linked to a relatively larger increase in offshoring at the intensive than the extensive margin, on average. The association to offshoring is considerably stronger for skilled immigrant employees and for contract and R&D intensive offshoring. Instrumental variable estimations demonstrate qualitatively similar results, while a placebo test with randomized immigrant employment does not generate any link between immigrants and offshoring.
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| 9. |
- Karpaty, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Demonstration or congestion? : Export spillovers in Sweden
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A key feature of the Swedish economy over the last two decades has been the rapid internationalisation of its economy, both through FDI and exports. In this paper we consider their inter-relationship, examining whether there have been spillovers from foreign firms to the export performance of domestic firms. We also contribute to the empirical modelling of export spillovers. We do this by exploiting information on whether foreign MNE sales are intra-firm or inter-firm, and by allowing for heterogeneity in the characteristics of the sender and receiver of spillovers. Our results indicate that foreign MNEs had positive effects on Swedish exports.
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| 10. |
- Karpaty, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Demonstration or congestion? : Export spillovers in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Review of World Economics. - Berlin : Springer. - 1610-2878 .- 1610-2886. ; 147:1, s. 109-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A key feature of the Swedish economy over the last two decades has been the rapid internationalisation of its economy, both through FDI and exports. In this paper we consider their inter-relationship, examining whether there have been spillovers from foreign firms to the export performance of domestic firms. We also contribute to the empirical modelling of export spillovers. We do this by exploiting information on whether foreign MNE sales are intra-firm or inter-firm, and by allowing for heterogeneity in the characteristics of the sender and receiver of spillovers. Our results indicate that foreign MNEs had positive effects on Swedish exports.
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