| 1. |
- Apell, Jeanette, et al.
(författare)
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Mätning av barns oro vid undersökning eller behandling på sjukhus : en studie som utvärderar short STAI
- 2011
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Ingår i: Vård i Norden. - : Sykepleiernes Samarbeid i Norden. - 0107-4083 .- 1890-4238. ; 31:1, s. 45-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the validity and reliability of short STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) for measuring children's anxiety in connection with procedures in hospital. Background: The children´s level of anxiety during hospitalization can cause problems and it should be evaluated with a valid and reliable instrument. STAIC-S (STAI for children) has previously been validated in children for this purpose but may be too complex to use. Short STAI has only been evaluated in adults and should be tested in children before it can be used. Methods: Children aged five to 16 filled in both STAIC-S and short STAI before and after an examination or treatment at the hospital. Results: Twenty children were included. Satisfactory internal reliability was found for short STAI with Cronbachs’s alpha 0.82. Correlation coefficients between the instruments were 0.88 before and 0.75 after the procedure. Significantly lower values were found after compared to before demonstrating constructive validity. Short STAI was easy to fill in but seven of 16 participants received help from their parents. Conclusion: Short STAI was shown to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring anxiety in children, but a larger study is needed to confirm the validity and reliability further
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| 4. |
- Finnström, Berit, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Utvärdering av två självskattningsinstrument för smärta bland barn på en akutmottagning
- 2008
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Ingår i: Vård i Norden. - Köpenhamn : Sjuksköterskornas samarbete i Norden. - 0107-4083 .- 1890-4238. ; 28:1, s. 48-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this pilot study a faces pain scale (FPS) and the ColouredAnalogue Scale (CAS) were evaluated. The FPS consists of six faces corresponding to a numeric scale of 0 to 10, and the CAS is a modified visual analogue scale from 0 to 10. The aims were to examine if FPS and CAS were considered as equal, valid and applicable in measuring pain in children in an emergency room. To assess concurrent validity, 62 children in an emergency room were asked to mark their current pain on both self-report scales. When construct validity was assessed, a subgroup of children (n=19) was asked to score their pain before and after administered analgesics. All children were asked which scale they preferred. There were no significant differences in the scores between the scales. The correlation between them was 0.64 for children >8 years of age and 0.66 for children 4.5–7 years (p<0.05). Median scores after analgesic administration decreased from 5.8 to 4.2 with CAS (p<0.001) and from 6 to 4 with FPS (p<0.001). Children >8 years preferred CAS, while younger children preferred FPS (p<0.05). Both scales showed concurrent and construct validity in this study group of untrained children in an emergency room.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson, Stefan R, et al.
(författare)
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Active and Passive Distraction in Children Undergoing Wound Dressings
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. - : W.B. Saunders Co.. - 0882-5963 .- 1532-8449. ; 28:2, s. 158-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to test how distraction influences pain, distress and anxiety in children during wound care. Sixty participants aged 5-12years were randomized to three groups: serious gaming, the use of lollipops and a control group. Self-reported pain, distress, anxiety and observed pain behaviour were recorded in conjunction with wound care. Serious gaming, an active distraction, reduced the observed pain behaviour and self-reported distress compared with the other groups. A sense of control and engagement in the distraction, together, may be the explanation for the different pain behaviours when children use serious gaming.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson, Stefan, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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School-aged children's experiences of postoperative music medicine on pain, distress, and anxiety.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Paediatric anaesthesia. - : Wiley. - 1460-9592 .- 1155-5645. ; 19:12, s. 1184-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To test whether postoperative music listening reduces morphine consumption and influence pain, distress, and anxiety after day surgery and to describe the experience of postoperative music listening in school-aged children who had undergone day surgery. BACKGROUND: Music medicine has been proposed to reduce distress, anxiety, and pain. There has been no other study that evaluates effects of music medicine (MusiCure) in children after minor surgery. METHODS: Numbers of participants who required analgesics, individual doses, objective pain scores (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability [FLACC]), vital signs, and administration of anti-emetics were documented during postoperative recovery stay. Self-reported pain (Coloured Analogue Scale [CAS]), distress (Facial Affective Scale [FAS]), and anxiety (short State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]) were recorded before and after surgery. In conjunction with the completed intervention semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted. RESULTS: Data were recorded from 80 children aged 7-16. Forty participants were randomized to music medicine and another 40 participants to a control group. We found evidence that children in the music group received less morphine in the postoperative care unit, 1/40 compared to 9/40 in the control group. Children's individual FAS scores were reduced but no other significant differences between the two groups concerning FAS, CAS, FLACC, short STAI, and vital signs were shown. Children experienced the music as 'calming and relaxing.' CONCLUSIONS: Music medicine reduced the requirement of morphine and decreased the distress after minor surgery but did not else influence the postoperative care.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Stefan, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The FLACC behavioral scale for procedural pain assessment in children aged 5-16 years.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Paediatric anaesthesia. - : Wiley. - 1460-9592 .- 1155-5645. ; 18:8, s. 767-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the concurrent and construct validity and the interrater reliability of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale during procedural pain in children aged 5-16 years. Background: Self-reporting of pain is considered to be the primary source of information on pain intensity for older children but a validated observational tool will provide augment information to self-reports during painful procedures. METHODS: Eighty children scheduled for peripheral venous cannulation or percutaneous puncture of a venous port were included. In 40 cases two nurses simultaneously and independently assessed pain by using the FLACC scale and in 40 cases one of these nurses assessed the child. All children scored the intensity of pain by using the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS) and distress by the Facial Affective Scale (FAS). RESULTS: Concurrent validity was supported by the correlation between FLACC scores and the children's self-reported CAS scores during the procedure (r = 0.59, P < 0.05). A weaker correlation was found between the FLACC scores and children's self-reported FAS (r = 0.35, P < 0.05). Construct validity was demonstrated by the increase in median FLACC score to 1 during the procedure compared with 0 before and after the procedure (P < 0.001). Interrater reliability during the procedure was supported by adequate kappa statistics for all items and for the total FLACC scores (kappa = 0.85, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the use of FLACC as a valid and reliable tool for assessing procedural pain in children aged 5-16 years.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, Stefan, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit.
- 2009
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Ingår i: European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-2122 .- 1462-3889. ; 13:2, s. 102-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: It is essential to minimize pain and distress during painful procedures in children. This study examined the effect of using non-immersive Virtual Reality (VR) during a needle-related procedure on reported pain or distress of children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit and surveyed their response to the use of VR-equipment during the procedure. METHOD: Twenty-one children and adolescents were included in an intervention group with non-immersive VR and another 21 children and adolescents in a control group where they underwent either venous punctures or subcutaneous venous port devices. Self-reported pain and distress, heart rate and observational pain scores were collected before, during and after the procedures. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted in conjunction with the completed intervention. RESULTS: Self-reported and observed pain and distress scores were low and few significant differences of quantitative data between the groups were found. Two themes emerged in the analysis of the interviews; the VR game should correspond to the child and the medical procedure and children enjoyed the VR game and found that it did distract them during the procedure. CONCLUSION: The interviews showed that non-immersive VR is a positive experience for children undergoing a minor procedure such as venous puncture or a subcutaneous venous port access.
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