| 1. |
- Balkashin, O. P., et al.
(författare)
-
Nonstationary magnetization dynamics of point contacts with a single ferromagnetic film
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Low temperature physics (Woodbury, N.Y., Print). - : AIP Publishing. - 1063-777X .- 1090-6517. ; 35:8-9, s. 693-701
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electric conductivity of point nanocontacts between 5, 10, and 100 nm thick ferromagnetic (F) cobalt films and a nonmagnetic (N) metal (copper or silver) needle is investigated. Two fundamentally different mechanisms for the formation of the response, signal to microwave irradiation have been observed for the first time. One mechanism is due to the effect of the rectification of high frequency ac current on the nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics due to the precession of the magnetization under the action of a constant transport current flowing through the contact. The second one is associated with the resonance excitation of the precession of the magnetization vector at the fundamental frequency and its harmonic by an external high-frequency field. The experimental results support a previous contention that a "surface spin valve" whose static and dynamic properties are similar to conventional F-1-N-F-2 spin valve [Nano Letters 7, 927 (2007)] is formed in the experimental F-N nanocontacts.
|
|
| 2. |
- Balkashin, O. P., et al.
(författare)
-
Spin dynamics in point contacts to single ferromagnetic films
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 79:9, s. 092419-1-092419-4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excitation of magnons or spin waves driven by nominally unpolarized transport currents in point contacts of normal and ferromagnetic metals is probed by irradiating the contacts with microwaves. Two characteristic dynamic effects are observed: a suppression of spin-wave nonlinearities in the point contact conductance by off-resonance microwave irradiation and a resonant stimulation of spin-wave peaks in the differential resistance of the nanocontacts by the microwave field. These observations provide direct evidence that the magnetoresistance peaks observed are due to gigahertz spin dynamics at the ferromagnetic interface driven by the spin transfer torque effect of the transport current.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bandaru, S V Ravikumar, et al.
(författare)
-
Upward-facing multi-nozzle spray cooling experiments for external cooling of reactor pressure vessels
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0017-9310 .- 1879-2189. ; 163
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cooling by water spray is a well-known technology that can reach significantly higher Critical Heat Flux (CHF) compared to other cooling methods. For the light water reactor safety, the in-vessel retention (IVR) by external reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) is a comprehensive severe accident management strategy to arrest and confine the corium in the lower head of the reactor pressure vessel. Heat fluxes up to 1.5 MW/m2 have already been assumed attainable in low-power nuclear reactors while cooling required in high-power reactors is expected to reach 2.5 MW/m2. Instead of reactor lower head flooding and relying on cooling due to natural convection, a viable and more efficient alternative is to spray the external surface of the vessel. Given all the advantages of spray cooling reported in the literature, a lab-scale experimental facility was built to validate the efficiency of multi-nozzle spray cooling of a downward-facing heated surface inclined at different angles up to 90o. The facility employed a 2×3 matrix of spray nozzles to cool the FeCrAl alloy foil with an effectively heated surface area of 96 cm2 using water as the coolant. Heat loads and surface inclinations were varied parameters in the test matrix. The results show that no significant variations in spray cooling performance concerning the inclination of the heated surface. A surface heat flux of 2.5 MW/m2 was achieved at every inclination of the downward-facing surface. The results also indicate that more uniform liquid film distribution could be obtained for some inclinations, which in turn leads to maintaining low surface temperature. The obtained surface heat flux margin by spray cooling indicates that it is feasible to adopt IVR-ERVC strategy for a large power reactor.
|
|
| 4. |
- Basso, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of scalable empirical closures for self-leveling of particulate debris bed
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of ICAPP 201, Paper 14330. - : American Nuclear Society. - 9780894484605 ; , s. 14330-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Melt fragmentation, quenching and long term coolability in a deep pool of water under reactor vessel is employed as a severe accident mitigation strategy in several designs of light water reactors. Geometrical configuration of the debris bed is one of the factors which define if the decay heat can be removed from the debris bed by natural circulation. A bed can be coolable if spread uniformly, while the same debris forming a tall mound-shape debris bed can be non-coolable. Two-phase flow inside the bed serves as a source of mechanical energy which can move debris, thus flatten and gradually reduce the height of the debris bed. There is a competition between the time scales for (i) reaching a coolable configuration of the bed by such “self-leveling” phenomenon, and (ii) onset of dryout and re-melting of the debris. In the previous work we have demonstrated that the rate of particulate debris spreading is determined by local (i) gas velocity, and (ii) slope angle of the bed. The goal of this work is to obtain a dependency of particle motion rate on local slope angle and gas velocity expressed in non-dimensional variables, universal for particles of different shapes, sizes and materials. Such scaling approach is proposed in this work and validated against experimental data.
|
|
| 5. |
- Basso, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Effectiveness of the debris bed self-leveling under severe accident conditions
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Annals of Nuclear Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4549 .- 1873-2100. ; 95, s. 75-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Melt fragmentation, quenching and long term coolability in a deep pool of water under the reactor vessel are employed as a severe accident mitigation strategy in several designs of light water reactors. The success of such strategy is contingent upon the natural circulation effectiveness in removing the decay heat generated in the porous debris bed. The maximum height of the bed is one of the important factors which affect the debris coolability. The two-phase flow within the bed generates mechanical energy which can change the geometry of the debris bed by the "self-leveling" phenomenon. In this work.we developed an approach to modeling of the self-leveling phenomenon. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to rank the importance of the model uncertainties and uncertain input parameters i.e. the conditions of the accident scenario and the debris bed properties. The results provided some useful insights for further improvement of the model and reduction of the output uncertainties through separate-effect experimental studies. Finally, we assessed the self-leveling effectiveness, quantified its uncertainties in prototypic severe accident conditions and demonstrated that the effect of self-leveling phenomenon is robust with respect to the considered input uncertainties.
|
|
| 6. |
- Basso, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Empirical closures for particulate debris bed spreading induced by gas-liquid flow
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Engineering and Design. - : Elsevier. - 0029-5493 .- 1872-759X. ; 297, s. 19-25
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Efficient removal of decay heat from the nuclear reactor core debris is paramount for termination of severe accident progression. One of the strategies is based on melt fragmentation, quenching and cooling in a deep pool of water under the reactor vessel. Geometrical configuration of the debris bed is among the important factors which determine possibility of removing the decay heat from the debris bed by natural circulation of the coolant. For instance, a tall mound-shape debris bed can be non-coolable, while the same debris can be coolable if spread uniformly. Decay heat generates a significant amount of thermal energy which goes to production of steam inside the debris bed. Two-phase flow escaping through the top layer of the bed becomes a source of mechanical energy which can move the particulate debris along the slope of the bed. The motion of the debris will lead to flattening of the bed. Such process is often called "self-leveling" phenomenon. Spreading of the debris bed by the self-leveling process can take significant time, depending on the initial debris bed configuration and other parameters. There is a competition between the time scales for reaching (i) a coolable configuration of the bed, and (ii) onset of dryout and re-melting of the debris. In the previous work we have demonstrated that the rate of particulate debris spreading is determined by local gas velocity and local slope angle of the bed. In this work we develop a scaling approach and a closure for prediction of debris spreading rate based on generalization of available experimental data. We demonstrate that introduced scaling criteria are universal for particles of different shapes and size distributions.
|
|
| 7. |
- Basso, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Preliminary Risk assessment of ex-vessle debris bed coolability for a Nordic BWR
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Engineering and Design. - 0029-5493 .- 1872-759X.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Nordic design of boiling water reactors (BWRs) a deep water pool under the reactor vessel is employed as a severe accident management strategy for the core melt fragmentation and the long term cooling of corium debris. The height and shape of the debris bed are among the most important factors that determine if decay heat can be removed from the porous debris bed by natural circulation of water. The debris bed geometry is formed as a result of melt release, fragmentation, sedimentation and settlement on the containment basemat. After settlement, the shape can change with time due to movement of particles promoted by the coolant flow (debris bed self-leveling process). Both aleatory (accident scenario, stochastic) and epistemic (modeling, lack of knowledge) uncertainties are important for assessing the risks. The present work describes a preliminary risk analysis of debris bed coolability for Nordic BWRs under severe accident conditions. It was assumed that once debris remelting starts containment failure becomes imminent. Such assumption allows to estimate the containment failure probability by calculating the probability that the time necessary for the spreading debris bed to achieve a coolable configuration will be shorter than the onset time of debris bed re-melting. An artificial neural network was employed as a surrogate model (SM) for the mechanistic full model (FM) of the debris spreading in order to achieve computationally efficient propagation of uncertainties. The effect of uncertainty in the ranges and probability density functions (PDFs) of the input parameters was addressed. Parameters defining shapes of the PDFs were varied for three different distribution families (beta, truncated normal and triangular). The results of the risk analysis were reported as complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs) of the conditional containment failure probability (CCFP). It is demonstrated that CCFP can vary in wide ranges depending on the randomly selected combinations of the PDFs of the input parameters. Given the selected ranges of the input parameters, sensitivity analyses identified: the effective particle diameter and the debris bed porosity as the largest contributors to the CCFP uncertainty. It was shown that the self-leveling phenomenon reduces sensitivity of debris coolability to the initial shape of the bed. However, the initial shape remains an important uncertainty factor for the most likely values of the particle size and porosity. Importance of the initial shape increases when the effectiveness of the self-leveling is small (e.g. in case of high initial temperature or heat up rate of the debris). Findings of this work in combination with consideration of the necessary efforts can be used for prioritization of the future research on obtaining new information on the uncertain parameters.
|
|
| 8. |
- Basso, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for predication of particulate debris bed self-leveling in prototypic Severe Accident (SA) conditions
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of ICAPP 2014. - : American Nuclear Society. ; , s. 14329-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Melt fragmentation, quenching and long term coolability in a deep pool of water under reactor vessel are employed as a severe accident mitigation strategy in several designs of light water reactors. Success of the strategy is contingent upon effectiveness of natural circulation in removing the decay heat generated by the porous debris bed. Geometrical configuration of the bed is one of the factors which affect coolability of the bed. Boiling and two-phase flow inside the bed serve as a source of mechanical energy which can change the geometry of the debris bed by so called “self-leveling” phenomenon. The goals of this work are (i) to further develop self-leveling modeling approach and validate it against data produced in a new series of PDS-C (Particulate Debris Spreading Closures) experiments, and (ii) to carry out sensitivity-uncertainty analysis for the debris bed spreading for the selected cases of prototypic severe accident conditions. The model has been extended to predict spreading in both planar and axisymmetric geometries. The performed sensitivity analysis ranks the importance of different uncertain input parameters such as accident conditions, debris bed properties, modeling parameters and closures. The knowledge about the most influential parameters is important for further improvement of the model and for efficient reduction of output uncertainties through focused, separate-effect experimental studies. Finally, we report results for particulate debris spreading in prototypic severe accident scenarios with assessment of uncertainties.
|
|
| 9. |
- Basso, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
The effect of self-leveling on debris bed coolability under severe accident conditions
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Engineering and Design. - : Elsevier. - 0029-5493 .- 1872-759X. ; 305, s. 246-259
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nordic-type boiling water reactors employ melt fragmentation, quenching, and long term cooling of the debris bed in a deep pool of water under the reactor vessel as a severe accident (SA) mitigation strategy. The height and shape of the bed are among the most important factors that determine if decay heat can be removed from the porous debris bed by natural circulation of water. The debris bed geometry depends on its formation process (melt release, fragmentation, sedimentation and settlement on the containment basemat), but it also changes with time afterwards, due to particle redistribution promoted by coolant flow (self-leveling). The ultimate goal of this work is to develop an approach to the assessment of the probability that debris in such a variable-shape bed can reach re-melting (which means failure of SA mitigation strategy), i.e. the time necessary for the slumping debris bed to reach a coolable configuration is larger than the time necessary for the debris to reach the re-melting temperature. For this purpose, previously developed models for particulate debris spreading by self-leveling and debris bed dryout are combined to assess the time necessary to reach a coolable state and evaluate its uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis was performed to screen out less important input parameters, after which Monte Carlo simulation was carried out in order to collect statistical characteristics of the coolability time. The obtained results suggest that, given the parameters ranges typical of Nordic BWR5, only a small fraction of debris beds configurations exhibits the occurrence of dryout. Of the initially non-coolable configurations, a significant portion becomes coolable due to debris bed self-leveling.
|
|
| 10. |
- Basso, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Validation of DECOSIM code against experiments on particle spreading by two-phase flows in water pool
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, Operation and Safety, NUTHOS-11.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Validation simulations by DECOSIM code are performed against recent PDS-P experiments on particle spreading in a planar vertical water pool with bottom air injection. The model implemented in the code considers two-fluid formulation (water, air), turbulence effects in liquid phase are taken into account by k-epsilon model with additional generation terms accounting for two-phase effects. Particles are described by Lagrangian model, with turbulent dispersion modeled by random-walk model. Simulations are performed in conditions corresponding to experimental setup, the test section was a plane rectangular tank of variable length (0.9 and 1.5 m) and pool depth (0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 m), the superficial gas injection velocity ranged between 0.12 and 0.69 m/s. Sedimentation of spherical stainless steel (1.5 and 3 mm) and glass (3 mm) particles was calculated and compared with experiments with respect to the mean spreading distance and lateral distributions of mass fraction of particles. Reasonable agreement between the results obtained and experimental measurements is achieved for all pool geometries, gas injection rates, and particle types, confirming adequacy of the modeling approach and suitability of DECOSIM code for severe accident analysis related to debris bed formation. Possible ways to further reduction of uncertainty in model validation are discussed.
|
|
