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- Konradsson-Geuken, A, et al.
(författare)
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Cortical kynurenic acid bi-directionally modulates prefrontal glutamate levels as assessed by microdialysis and rapid electrochemistry.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4522 .- 1873-7544. ; 169:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using two in vivo methods, microdialysis and rapid in situ electrochemistry, this study examined the modulation of extracellular glutamate levels by endogenously produced kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of awake rats. Measured by microdialysis, i.p. administration of KYNA's bioprecursor L-kynurenine dose-dependently elevated extracellular KYNA and reduced extracellular glutamate (nadir after 50 mg/kg kynurenine: 60% decrease from baseline values). This dose-dependent decrease in glutamate levels was also seen using a glutamate-sensitive microelectrode array (MEA) (31% decrease following 50 mg/kg kynurenine). The kynurenine-induced reduction in glutamate was blocked (microdialysis) or attenuated (MEA) by co-administration of galantamine (3 mg/kg i.p.), a drug that competes with KYNA at an allosteric potentiating site of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In separate experiments, extracellular glutamate levels were measured by MEA following the local perfusion (45 min) of the PFC with kynurenine (2.5 microM) or the selective KYNA biosynthesis inhibitor S-ethylsulfonylbenzoylalanine (S-ESBA; 5 mM). In agreement with previous microdialysis studies, local kynurenine application produced a reversible reduction in glutamate (nadir: -29%), whereas perfusion with S-ESBA increased glutamate levels reversibly (maximum: +38%). Collectively, these results demonstrate that fluctuations in the biosynthesis of KYNA in the PFC bi-directionally modulate extracellular glutamate levels, and that qualitatively very similar data are obtained by microdialysis and MEA. Since KYNA levels are elevated in the PFC of individuals with schizophrenia, and since prefrontal glutamatergic and nicotinic transmission mediate cognitive flexibility, normalization of KYNA levels in the PFC may constitute an effective treatment strategy for alleviating cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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- Konradsson-Geuken, Asa, et al.
(författare)
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Second-by-second analysis of alpha 7 nicotine receptor regulation of glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex of awake rats.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Synapse. - : Wiley. - 0887-4476 .- 1098-2396. ; 63:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- These experiments utilized an enzyme-based microelectrode selective for the second-by-second detection of extracellular glutamate to reveal the alpha 7-based nicotinic modulation of glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of freely moving rats. Rats received intracortical infusions of the nonselective nicotinic agonist nicotine (12.0 mM, 1.0 microg/0.4 microl) or the selective alpha 7 agonist choline (2.0 mM/0.4 microl). The selectivity of drug-induced glutamate release was assessed in subgroups of animals pretreated with the alpha 7 antagonist, alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT, 10 microM), or kynurenine (10 microM) the precursor of the astrocyte-derived, negative allosteric alpha 7 modulator kynurenic acid. Local administration of nicotine increased glutamate signals (maximum amplitude = 4.3 +/- 0.6 microM) that were cleared to baseline levels in 493 +/- 80 seconds. Pretreatment with alpha-BGT or kynurenine attenuated nicotine-induced glutamate by 61% and 60%, respectively. Local administration of choline also increased glutamate signals (maximum amplitude = 6.3 +/- 0.9 microM). In contrast to nicotine-evoked glutamate release, choline-evoked signals were cleared more quickly (28 +/- 6 seconds) and pretreatment with alpha-BGT or kynurenine completely blocked the stimulated glutamate release. Using a method that reveals the temporal dynamics of in vivo glutamate release and clearance, these data indicate a nicotinic modulation of cortical glutamate release that is both alpha 7- and non-alpha 7-mediated. Furthermore, these data may also provide a mechanism underlying the recent focus on alpha 7 full and partial agonists as therapeutic agents in the treatment of cortically mediated cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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