| 1. |
- Biskaborn, Boris K., et al.
(author)
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Permafrost is warming at a global scale
- 2019
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In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 10:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Permafrost warming has the potential to amplify global climate change, because when frozen sediments thaw it unlocks soil organic carbon. Yet to date, no globally consistent assessment of permafrost temperature change has been compiled. Here we use a global data set of permafrost temperature time series from the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost to evaluate temperature change across permafrost regions for the period since the International Polar Year (2007–2009). During the reference decade between 2007 and 2016, ground temperature near the depth of zero annual amplitude in the continuous permafrost zone increased by 0.39 ± 0.15 °C. Over the same period, discontinuous permafrost warmed by 0.20 ± 0.10 °C. Permafrost in mountains warmed by 0.19 ± 0.05 °C and in Antarctica by 0.37 ± 0.10 °C. Globally, permafrost temperature increased by 0.29 ± 0.12 °C. The observed trend follows the Arctic amplification of air temperature increase in the Northern Hemisphere. In the discontinuous zone, however, ground warming occurred due to increased snow thickness while air temperature remained statistically unchanged.
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| 2. |
- Lappalainen, Hanna K., et al.
(author)
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Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) : towards a holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land-atmosphere-ocean-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region
- 2016
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In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 16:22, s. 14421-14461
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The northern Eurasian regions and Arctic Ocean will very likely undergo substantial changes during the next decades. The Arctic-boreal natural environments play a crucial role in the global climate via albedo change, carbon sources and sinks as well as atmospheric aerosol production from biogenic volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is expected that global trade activities, demographic movement, and use of natural resources will be increasing in the Arctic regions. There is a need for a novel research approach, which not only identifies and tackles the relevant multi-disciplinary research questions, but also is able to make a holistic system analysis of the expected feedbacks. In this paper, we introduce the research agenda of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX), a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary and international program started in 2012 (https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/). PEEX sets a research approach by which large-scale research topics are investigated from a system perspective and which aims to fill the key gaps in our understanding of the feedbacks and interactions between the land-atmosphereaquatic-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region. We introduce here the state of the art for the key topics in the PEEX research agenda and present the future prospects of the research, which we see relevant in this context.
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| 3. |
- Bakardzhiev, Pavel, et al.
(author)
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Novel polyglycidol-lipid conjugates create a stabilizing hydrogen-bonded layer around cholesterol-containing dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes
- 2015
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In: Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. - : Elsevier. - 1773-2247. ; 29, s. 90-98
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hybrid liposomes resulting from co-assembly of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and polyglycidol-derivatized lipids were prepared. The latter were composed of a lipid-mimetic residue to which a linear polyglycidol chain (degree of polymerization, DP, in the 23–110 range) was conjugated. Formulations with varying copolymer type and content were prepared by film hydration technique followed by extrusion. The hybrid structures were studied by means of dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity towards OPM-2 (multiple myeloma) and EJ (human urinary bladder carcinoma) cell lines was assessed as well. Predominantly unilamellar liposomes with mean hydrodynamic diameters in the 113–134 nm range and neutral to slightly negative surface potential were prepared. The integrity of liposomes containing copolymers with DP of the polyglycidol chain 23 and 30 was preserved at copolymer contents up to 10 mol%. Bilayer disks were observed at somewhat lower contents of the copolymers of the highest DP of the polyglycidol chain. The hybrid structures were less leaky than the plain liposomes, which was attributed to formation of a strongly hydrogen-bonded polyglycidol layer around the bilayer membrane. They exhibited low toxicological potential, favorable physicochemical characteristics, and ability to act as containers for sustained release.
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| 4. |
- Petäjä, Tuukka, et al.
(author)
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Overview : Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE) - concept and initial results
- 2020
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In: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 20:14, s. 8551-8592
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The role of polar regions is increasing in terms of megatrends such as globalization, new transport routes, demography, and the use of natural resources with consequent effects on regional and transported pollutant concentrations. We set up the ERA-PLANET Strand 4 project iCUPE - integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments to provide novel insights and observational data on global grand challenges with an Arctic focus. We utilize an integrated approach combining in situ observations, satellite remote sensing Earth observations (EOs), and multi-scale modeling to synthesize data from comprehensive long-term measurements, intensive campaigns, and satellites to deliver data products, metrics, and indicators to stakeholders concerning the environmental status, availability, and extraction of natural resources in the polar areas. The iCUPE work consists of thematic state-of-the-art research and the provision of novel data in atmospheric pollution, local sources and transboundary transport, the characterization of arctic surfaces and their changes, an assessment of the concentrations and impacts of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants and their cycling, the quantification of emissions from natural resource extraction, and the validation and optimization of satellite Earth observation (EO) data streams. In this paper we introduce the iCUPE project and summarize initial results arising out of the integration of comprehensive in situ observations, satellite remote sensing, and multi-scale modeling in the Arctic context.
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