| 1. |
- Aho, Seppo, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism : history
- 2016
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of the Barents Region. - Oslo : Pax Forlag. - 9788253038599 ; , s. 401-400
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Aho, Seppo, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism in the Barents Region
- 2016
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of the Barents Region. - Oslo : Pax Forlag. - 9788253038599 ; , s. 395-400
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Kotyrlo, Elena, 1967-
(författare)
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Back to parents : earnings of young adults and informal care
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Economics. - : Routledge. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 55:13, s. 1407-1421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Return migrants are often considered to be disadvantaged in terms of earnings. However, family needs might affect an individual’s migration decision and allocation of his (her) time between formal employment and informal care. The generalized Roy model employed to account for self-selection in migration decisions shows that the losses in earnings of return migrants are overestimated for female young adults when family characteristics, such as the presence of children or parents in need of care, are not accounted for. The study is based on age- and gender-specific samples of individuals born in 1974 and followed between the ages of 25 and 32 years drawn from Swedish longitudinal data. The results suggest that female internal return migrants rely on grandparenting to reconcile their family and working life. In particular, mothers of children under eight years old earn more when they reside close to their parents. The negative self-selection of male return migrants remains after controlling for family characteristics. This likely relates to differences in the labour supply as returns on education do not differ by residential location choice. The estimates do not demonstrate any link between potential informal elder care and a change in the earnings of young adults.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Kotyrlo, Elena, 1967-
(författare)
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Daily labor mobility and the timing of entry into motherhood
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Econometrics. - 1993-7601 .- 2410-6445. ; 70, s. 55-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of female employment on fertility has been widely studied. However, there is a gap in the knowledge of the effect of daily labor mobility on fertility. The paper presents the study of the direct and indirect effects of commuting on the timing of entry into motherhood by comparison the age-specific first-birth rates of female commuters and non-commuters. The effects appear in simultaneous decision making on childbearing and commuting, and effects of cross-municipal flows of population and earnings, and fertility norms diffusion on childbearing. Estimation strategy addresses the problem of potential endogeneity of commuting decision. The study uses individual register data from Sweden for women born in 1974 and residing in the Stockholm area following them from 19 to 32 years old. Results demonstrate that commuting women postpone their first birth. Commuters' first-birth rates are more sensitive to the changes in relative earnings, fertility norms, and the proportion of commuters in the residing population. Swedish family and labor policies significantly improve reconciliation of family and working life in comparison with many European countries. However, the study demonstrates that the policies do not address commuting costs (in a general meaning) in childbearing decision. The results can be used to explain the link between fertility and daily labor mobility in high-income countries with a high proportion of women involved in daily labor mobility.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kotyrlo, Elena, 1967-
(författare)
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Do Commuting Women Have Fewer Children?
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Commuting is linked to fertility through demographic, social, and economic mechanisms. Average differences in first-birth rates of young, working women are estimated by a bivariate model with endogenous commuting. Empirical evidence based on administrative data (Sweden) reveals that commuting women have a lower probability of a first birth between 21-28 years of age and a higher probability between 29-32 years. Therefore, commuting women likely postpone their first child. Additional direct and spillover effects of commuting on fertility appear in income cross-municipal flows, diffusion of fertility norms across space, and changes in gender structure of the population of fertile age. A positive effect on relative income and social norms and a negative sex ratio effect are found significant both for commuting women and those who work in the municipality of their residence. Marginal effects for commuters are greater in magnitude.
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| 10. |
- Kotyrlo, Elena
(författare)
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Fertility and commuting : evidence based on first-birth rates of young working women
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1443-2447 .- 1835-9469. ; 34:2, s. 135-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper studies how commuting, as a demographic, social and economic process, is linked to fertility. It is hypothesised that daily mobility may have changed marriage and cohabitation propensities and, consequently, birth rates. Fertility is affected by cross-space income flows and by their impact on well-being at municipal level caused by commuting. The empirical evidence reveals common and distinct effects of commuting on fertility of those women who involved in daily mobility and not. Increase in the proportion of commuters is associated with a decrease in first-birth rates for both commuters and non-commuters, as they probably tend to stay childless while interacting with single co-workers, friends, and acquaintances. However, first-birth rates of commuting women increase with growth of individual earnings and the average levels of taxable earnings in places of residence. First-birth rates of non-commuting women increase with individual earnings, but drop with growth of average levels of taxable earnings in the place of residence.
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