| 1. |
- Wang, Xiaoliang, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide interaction analysis of menopausal hormone therapy use and breast cancer risk among 62,370 women
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is associated with increased risk for breast cancer. However, the relevant mechanisms and its interaction with genetic variants are not fully understood. We conducted a genome-wide interaction analysis between MHT use and genetic variants for breast cancer risk in 27,585 cases and 34,785 controls from 26 observational studies. All women were post-menopausal and of European ancestry. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to test for multiplicative interactions between genetic variants and current MHT use. We considered interaction p-values < 5 x 10(-8) as genome-wide significant, and p-values < 1 x 10(-5) as suggestive. Linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based clumping was performed to identify independent candidate variants. None of the 9.7 million genetic variants tested for interactions with MHT use reached genome-wide significance. Only 213 variants, representing 18 independent loci, had p-values < 1 x 10(5). The strongest evidence was found for rs4674019 (p-value = 2.27 x 10(-7)), which showed genome-wide significant interaction (p-value = 3.8 x 10(-8)) with current MHT use when analysis was restricted to population-based studies only. Limiting the analyses to combined estrogen-progesterone MHT use only or to estrogen receptor (ER) positive cases did not identify any genome-wide significant evidence of interactions. In this large genome-wide SNP-MHT interaction study of breast cancer, we found no strong support for common genetic variants modifying the effect of MHT on breast cancer risk. These results suggest that common genetic variation has limited impact on the observed MHT-breast cancer risk association.
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| 2. |
- Krüger, Niclas A., et al.
(författare)
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Consumer value of fuel choice flexibility : a case study of the flex-fuel car in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - Heidelberg, Germany : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 5:4, s. 207-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: This paper examines the value of fuel choice flexibility derived from a flex-fuel engine. Method: Based on the stochastic properties of fuel prices, we use Monte-Carlo simulation in order to value the option to switch fuel. Results: Our findings indicate a considerable value of fuel choice flexibility, ranging between 7,500 and 37,800 SEK, depending on the underlying stochastic process we assume that fuel prices follow. This can be compared to the state subsidy of 10,000 SEK provided until recently for buying a flex-fuel car. Conclusion: Compared to an environmentally friendly pure ethanol strategy, the switching strategy is considerably less costly, about 2,000-19,000 SEK depending on the assumed underlying stochastic process, a fact that is important to take into consideration with environmental policy.
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| 3. |
- Krüger, Niclas A
(författare)
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Estimating Traffic Demand Risk : A Multiscale Analysis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - Stockholm : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 46:10, s. 1741-1751
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a novel method for estimating the traffic demand risk associated with transportation. Using mathematical properties of wavelets, we develop a statistical measure of traffic demand sensitivity with respect to GDP. This measure can be adapted in a flexible way to capture risk levels relevant for different investment horizons. We demonstrate the timescale decomposition of risk with Swedish traffic demand data for 1950-2005. In general, rail transport shows a stronger co-movement with GDP than road transport. Moreover, we examine the volatility exhibited by traffic demand. Our findings suggest that rail investments are more risky than road investments. Since the findings can be used for optimal investment timing and for choice between public investment alternatives, they are deemed important for public policy in general.
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| 4. |
- Krüger, Niclas A
(författare)
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Fatal Connections : Socioeconomic Determinants of Road Accident Risk and Drunk Driving in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 46, s. 49-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: In recent years a considerable number of papers have examined socioeconomic factors influencing the number and the outcome of traffic accidents. There is however more research needed to confirm the previous results in order to generalize them and a need to examine additional factors that might have an impact.Method: This paper uses both regional panel data and national time series data combined with filtering techniques to determine what factors influence the number of accidents, the accident outcome and detected drunk driving.Results: Using time series data, it is found that the number of traffic fatalities increases for both per capita and per person kilometer travelled during economic booms. This indicates that the death risk rises not only because of increased mileage or motorization during booms. Using panel data, it is found that traffic fatalities decrease with unemployment, whereas personal injuries increase on a per capita basis with youth and the number of cars. In contrast to property crimes and other types of crime, drunk driving in Sweden decreases during economic contractions. Discussion: The main policy conclusion from our results is that resources for safety measures should not be spend uniformly across time and space. Instead, safety measures should be concentrated to areas with a high share of young people and to periods with low unemployment. The results of the time series analysis suggest that factors other than increased mileage during booms contribute to the higher rate of fatalities during good times. Increased risk taking, such as drunk driving, might be an explanatory factor.Impact on Industry: The results might be interesting for safety-oriented car and truck producers as well for developers of traffic safety products, since the results indicate in what regional markets and under what market conditions their products are most needed.
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| 5. |
- Krüger, Niclas A., et al.
(författare)
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Good times are drinking times : empirical evidence on business cycles and alcohol sales in Sweden 1861-2000
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Economics Letters. - Oxfordshire: United Kingdom : Routledge. - 1350-4851 .- 1466-4291. ; 17:6, s. 543-546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article studies the relationship between the business cycle and alcohol sales in Sweden using a data set for the years 1861-2000. Using wavelet-based band-pass filtering, it is found that there is a pro-cyclical relationship, i.e. alcohol sales increases in short-term economic upturns. Using moving window techniques, we see that the pro-cyclical relationship holds over the entire time period. We also find that alcohol sales are a long-memory process with nonstationary behaviour, i.e. a shock in alcohol sales has persistent effects.
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| 6. |
- Krüger, Niclas A., 1975-
(författare)
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Infrastructure investment planning under uncertainty
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is concerned with the planning processes in transportation and infrastructure investments and the aim is to improve risk assessment, risk valuation and risk management. Many of the results presented in this thesis are also applicable to a wider range of questions.
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| 7. |
- Krüger, Niclas A., 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Precautionary and operative costs of freight train delays : a case study of a Swedish grocery company
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - Stockholm : CTS. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887.
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is limited knowledge about the valuation of reduced transport time variability for freight transports. This paper analyses a Swedish grocery company’s transports by shuttle train, as a case study. The distribution of the train arrival time is analyzed; it is shown that the 10 per cent worst delays contribute to more than half of the total train delays. Type and amount of the firm’s precautionary and operative costs are identified and calculated. It is shown that it is possible to get estimates for the cargo component of the VTTV (Value of Transport Time Variability) valid for the specific company based on the precautionary costs, the operative costs for delays and for the costs for cancellations separately or in combination. Further case studies are advocated in order to cover the whole freight transport market and study the differences between different segments of the market.
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| 8. |
- Krüger, Niclas A
(författare)
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The Impact of a Novel Preventive Care Service on the Incidence of Hip Fractures Among the Elderly
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Health. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 2198-1833 .- 1613-2238 .- 0943-1853. ; 18:5, s. 467-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We wanted to determine the impact of a novel preventive care service (PCS) employing home visits by non-physician experts on the incidence of hip fractures among the elderly. We estimated an ARMA model for the time series of hip fractures in the Höganäs municipality in Sweden for the years 1987-2008. By means of intervention analysis and out of sample forecasts, we estimated the short- and long-term impact of the novel preventive care service.We found that there is a statistically significant short-term impact of the PCS with about 8.27 fewer incidents of hip fracture. This corresponds to a long-term effect of about 3.74 fewer incidents of hip fracture per year. Since we found a statistically highly significant impact, we concluded that there was an effect on the number of hip fractures. Considering the magnitude of the effect, we found that the examined preventive care service is an economically efficient measure.
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| 9. |
- Krüger, Niclas A
(författare)
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The Impact of Economic Fluctuations on Crime : A Multiscale Analysis
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Economics Letters. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-4851 .- 1466-4291. ; 18:2, s. 179-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article we use a wavelet-based approach in order to analyse the periodicity in the relationship between economic fluctuations and different types of crime. All examined types of crime share seasonal behaviour with variations of real economic activity. Removing the intrayear dynamics, we find that the effect of real economic activity is different between different types of crime. We conclude that property crimes, violence crimes and sex crimes are countercyclical. The reverse is true for both alcohol/drug-related crimes and economic crimes, because there is a highly significant increase of these types of crime during economic expansions.
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| 10. |
- Krüger, Niclas A, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Real Options on Willingness to Pay for Mortality Risk Reductions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - Amsterdam : ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 28:3, s. 563-569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public investments are dynamic in nature, and decision making must account for the uncertainty, irreversibility and potential for future learning. In this paper we adapt the theory for investment under uncertainty for a public referendum setting and perform the first empirical test to show that estimates of the value of a statistical lite (VSL) from stated preference surveys are highly dependent on the inclusion of the option value. Our results indicate an option value of a major economic magnitude. This implies that previously reported VSL estimates, used in societal benefit-cost analysis of health investments, are exaggerated.
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