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| 2. |
- O'Callaghan-Gordo, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in India : Secondary data analysis of three population-based cross-sectional studies
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 9:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To assess whether chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) is present in India and to identify risk factors for it using population-based data and standardised methods. Design Secondary data analysis of three population-based cross-sectional studies conducted between 2010 and 2014. Setting Urban and rural areas of Northern India (states of Delhi and Haryana) and Southern India (states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh). Participants 12 500 individuals without diabetes, hypertension or heavy proteinuria. Outcome measures Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and prevalence of eGFR below 60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 (eGFR <60) in individuals without diabetes, hypertension or heavy proteinuria (proxy definition of CKDu). Results The mean eGFR was 105.0±17.8 mL/min per 1.73 m 2. The prevalence of eGFR <60 was 1.6% (95% CI=1.4 to 1.7), but this figure varied markedly between areas, being highest in rural areas of Southern Indian (4.8% (3.8 to 5.8)). In Northern India, older age was the only risk factor associated with lower mean eGFR and eGFR <60 (regression coefficient (95% CI)=a '0.94 (0.97 to 0.91); OR (95% CI)=1.10 (1.08 to 1.11)). In Southern India, risk factors for lower mean eGFR and eGFR <60, respectively, were residence in a rural area (a '7.78 (-8.69 to -6.86); 4.95 (2.61 to 9.39)), older age (a '0.90 (-0.93 to -0.86); 1.06 (1.04 to 1.08)) and less education (a '0.94 (-1.32 to -0.56); 0.67 (0.50 to 0.90) for each 5 years at school). Conclusions CKDu is present in India and is not confined to Central America and Sri Lanka. Identified risk factors are consistent with risk factors previously reported for CKDu in Central America and Sri Lanka.
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| 3. |
- Awais, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Healthcare Professional in the Loop (HPIL) : Classification of Standard and Oral Cancer-Causing Anomalous Regions of Oral Cavity Using Textural Analysis Technique in Autofluorescence Imaging
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI. - 1424-8220. ; 20:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oral mucosal lesions (OML) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) have been identified as having the potential to transform into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This research focuses on the human-in-the-loop-system named Healthcare Professionals in the Loop (HPIL) to support diagnosis through an advanced machine learning procedure. HPIL is a novel system approach based on the textural pattern of OML and OPMDs (anomalous regions) to differentiate them from standard regions of the oral cavity by using autofluorescence imaging. An innovative method based on pre-processing, e.g., the Deriche–Canny edge detector and circular Hough transform (CHT); a post-processing textural analysis approach using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM); and a feature selection algorithm (linear discriminant analysis (LDA)), followed by k-nearest neighbor (KNN) to classify OPMDs and the standard region, is proposed in this paper. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in differentiating between standard and anomalous regions of the oral cavity are 83%, 85%, and 84%, respectively. The performance evaluation was plotted through the receiver operating characteristics of periodontist diagnosis with the HPIL system and without the system. This method of classifying OML and OPMD areas may help the dental specialist to identify anomalous regions for performing their biopsies more efficiently to predict the histological diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia.
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| 4. |
- Björkelid, Christofer, et al.
(författare)
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Structural and biochemical characterization of compounds inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pantothenate Kinase
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 288:25, s. 18260-18270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterial causative agent oftuberculosis, currently affects millions of people. The emergence of drug-resistant strains makes development of new antibiotics targeting the bacterium a global health priority. Pantothenate kinase, a key enzyme in the universal biosynthesis of the essential cofactor CoA, was targeted in this study to find new tuberculosis drugs. The biochemicalcharacterizations of two new classes of compounds that inhibitpantothenate kinase from M. tuberculosis are described, along with crystal structures of their enzyme-inhibitor complexes. These represent the first crystal structures of this enzyme with engineered inhibitors. Both classes of compounds bind in the active site of the enzyme, overlapping with the binding sites of the natural substrate and product, pantothenateand phosphopantothenate, respectively. One class of compounds also interferes with binding of the cofactor ATP. The complexes were crystallized in two crystal forms, one of which is in a new space group for this enzyme and diffracts to the highest resolution reported for anypantothenate kinase structure. These two crystal forms allowed, for the first time, modeling of the cofactor-binding loop in both open and closed conformations. The structures also show a binding mode of ATP different from that previously reported for the M. tuberculosis enzyme but similar to that in the pantothenate kinases of other organisms.
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| 5. |
- Byass, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Strengthening standardised interpretation of verbal autopsy data : the new InterVA-4 tool
- 2012
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - Järfälla, Sweden : CoAction Publishing. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Verbal autopsy (VA) is the only available approach for determining the cause of many deaths, where routine certification is not in place. Therefore, it is important to use standards and methods for VA that maximise efficiency, consistency and comparability. The World Health Organization (WHO) has led the development of the 2012 WHO VA instrument as a new standard, intended both as a research tool and for routine registration of deaths. Objective: A new public-domain probabilistic model for interpreting VA data, InterVA-4, is described, which builds on previous versions and is aligned with the 2012 WHO VA instrument. Design: The new model has been designed to use the VA input indicators defined in the 2012 WHO VA instrument and to deliver causes of death compatible with the International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD-10) categorised into 62 groups as defined in the 2012 WHO VA instrument. In addition, known shortcomings of previous InterVA models have been addressed in this revision, as well as integrating other work on maternal and perinatal deaths. Results: The InterVA-4 model is presented here to facilitate its widespread use and to enable further field evaluation to take place. Results from a demonstration dataset from Agincourt, South Africa, show continuity of interpretation between InterVA-3 and InterVA-4, as well as differences reflecting specific issues addressed in the design and development of InterVA-4. Conclusions: InterVA-4 is made freely available as a new standard model for interpreting VA data into causes of death. It can be used for determining cause of death both in research settings and for routine registration. Further validation opportunities will be explored. These developments in cause of death registration are likely to substantially increase the global coverage of cause-specific mortality data.
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| 6. |
- Einarson, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Federated Data Model - Go Local, Go Global and Go Fusion : In an Industry 4.0 Context
- 2023
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Ingår i: Handbook on Federated Learning. - : CRC Press. ; :1, s. 32-60
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Handbook on Federated Learning, Chapter 2: Federated Data Model - Go Local, Go Global and Go Fusion - In an Industry 4.0 Context, Einarson, D. and Sennersten, C., Taylor and Francis, 2023. In progress for publishing.
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| 7. |
- Jain, Anand, et al.
(författare)
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Spatially resolved assembly, connectivity and structure of particle-associated and free-living bacterial communities in a high Arctic fjord
- 2021
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Ecology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0168-6496 .- 1574-6941. ; 97:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The assembly processes that underlie the composition and connectivity of free-living (FL) and particle-associated (PA) bacterial communities from surface to deep waters remain little understood. Here, using phylogenetic null modeling, we quantify the relative influence of selective and stochastic mechanisms that assemble FL and PA bacterial communities throughout the water column in a high Arctic fjord. We demonstrate that assembly processes acting on FL and PA bacterial communities are similar in surface waters, but become increasingly distinct in deep waters. As depth increases, the relative influence of homogeneous selection increases for FL but decreases for PA communities. In addition, dispersal limitation and variable selection increase with depth for PA, but not for FL communities, indicating increased residence time of taxa on particles and less frequent decolonization. As a consequence, beta diversity of PA communities is greater in bottom than in surface waters. The limited connectivity between these communities with increasing depth leads to highly distinct FL and PA bacterial communities in bottom waters. Finally, depth-related trends for FL and PA beta diversity and connectivity in this study are consistent with previous observations in the open ocean, suggesting that assembly processes for FL and PA bacterial communities may also be distinct in other aquatic environments.
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| 8. |
- Kannan, Anand, et al.
(författare)
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A novel cloud intrusion detection system using feature selection and classification
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies. - : IGI Global. - 1548-3657 .- 1548-3665. ; 11:4, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a new cloud intrusion detection system for detecting the intruders in a traditional hybrid virtualized, cloud environment. The paper introduces an effective feature selection algorithm called Temporal Constraint based on Feature Selection algorithm and also proposes a classification algorithm called hybrid decision tree. This hybrid decision tree has been developed by extending the Enhanced C4.5 algorithm an existing decision tree based classifier. Furthermore, the experiments conducted on the sample Cloud Intrusion Detection Datasets (CIDD) show that the proposed cloud intrusion detection system provides better detection accuracy than the existing work and reduces the false positive rate.
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| 9. |
- Kanya, Anindya, et al.
(författare)
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Interrelationships between physical multimorbidity, depressive symptoms and cognitive function among older adults in China, India and Indonesia: A four-way decomposition analysis.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. - 1872-6976 .- 0167-4943. ; 122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the role of depressive symptoms (mediator/moderator) in the association between physical multimorbidity (exposure) and cognitive function (outcome) among older adults in the three most populous middle-income countries.This study used cross-sectional data from China (2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study), India (2017/2018 Longitudinal Ageing Study in India), and Indonesia (2014/2015 Indonesian Family Life Survey), with a total sample of 73,199 respondents aged ≥ 45 years. Three domains of cognitive tests were harmonised across surveys, including time orientation, word recall, and numeracy. The four-way decomposition analysis assessed the mediation and interaction effects between exposure, mediator/moderator, and outcome, adjusted for covariates.The mean age of the respondents (in years) was slightly younger in Indonesia (56.0, SD = 8.8) than in China (59.5, SD = 9.3) and India (60.0, SD = 10.5). The proportion of male respondents was 49.3 % in China, 47.3 % in India, and 47.5 % in Indonesia. Respondents in China had the highest mean cognitive function z scores (54.7, SD = 19.9), followed by India (51.1, SD = 20.0) and Indonesia (51.0, SD = 18.4). Physical multimorbidity was associated with lower cognitive function in China and India (p < 0.0001), with 48.4 % and 40.0 % of the association explained by the mediating effect of depressive symptoms ('overall proportion due to mediation'). The association was not found in Indonesia.Cognitive functions were lower among individuals with physical multimorbidity, and depressive symptoms mainly explained the association. Addressing depressive symptoms among persons with physical multimorbidity is likely to have not only an impact on their mental health but could prevent cognitive decline.
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| 10. |
- Krishnan, Anand, 1964-
(författare)
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Gender inequity in child survival : travails of the girl child in rural north India
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: While substantial progress has been made globally towards achieving United Nations Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) on child mortality, the decline is not sufficient to reach the targets set for 2015. The South Asian region, which includes India, was to achieve the MDG 4 target of 39 deaths per 1000 live births by 2015 but was estimated to have reached only 61 by 2011. A part of this under-achievement is due to the gender-differentials in child mortality in South-Asia. The inherent biological advantage of girls, reflected inlower mortality rates as compared to boys globally, is neutralized by their sociocultural disadvantage in India. The availability of technology for prenatal sex determination has promoted sex-linked abortions. Current government efforts include a law that regulates the use of ultrasound and other diagnostic techniquesfor prenatal testing of sex and a conditional cash transfer (CCT) scheme thatinvests a certain amount of funds at the birth of a girl child to attain maturity when the girl turns 18 years of age. This thesis describes the trends in genderspecific mortality during the period 1992-2011 and gender differentials in causes of death among children (paper I), compares gender differentials in child survivalby socio-economic status of the family (paper II), explores the contribution of non-specific effects of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccination to the excess mortality among girls (paper III), and evaluates the impact of CCT schemes of the government and explores community attitudes and practices related to discrimination of girls (paper IV).Methods and Results: This study is set in Ballabgarh Health and DemographicSurveillance System (HDSS) of Haryana State in North India that covered a population of 88,861 across 28 villages in 2011. This study uses the electronic database that houses all individuals enumerated in the HDSS for the period 1992-2011 along with other demographic, socio-economic and health utilization variables. Sex ratio at birth (SRB) was adverse for girls throughout the study period, varying between 821 to 866 girls per 1000 boys. Overall, under-five mortality rates during the period 1992-2011 remained stagnant due to the increasing neonatal mortality rate and decreasing mortality in subsequent age groups. Mortality rates among girls were 1.6 to 2 times higher than boys during the post-neonatal period (1-11 months) as well as in the 1-4 year age group. Girls reported significantly higher mortality rates due to prematurity (relative risk of 1.52; 95% CI = 1.01-2.29); diarrhoea (2.29;1.59-3.29), and malnutrition (3.37; 2.05-5.53) during 2002-2007. The SRB and neonatal mortality rate were consistently adverse for girls in the advantaged groups. In the 1-36 month age group, girl children had higher mortality than boys in all SES groups. The age at vaccination for and coverage with ivabstractBacillus Calmette–Guérin, DTP, polio and measles vaccines did not differ by sex. There was significant excess mortality among girls as compared to boys in the period after immunization with DTP, for both primary (hazard ratio of 1.65; 95% CI 1.17-2.32) and DTPb (2.21; 1.24-3.93) vaccinations until the receipt of the next vaccine. No significant excess mortality among girls was noted after exposure to BCG (1.06; 0.67-1.67) or measles (1.34; 0.85-2.12) vaccine. A community survey showed poor awareness of specific government schemes for girl children. Four-fifths of the community wanted government to help families with girl children financially. In-depth interviews of government programme implementers revealed the themes of “conspiracy of silence” that was being maintained by general population, underplaying of the pervasiveness of the problem coupled with a passive implementation of the programme and “a clash between politicians trying to cash in on the public sentiment of need for subsidies for girl children and a bureaucratic approachof accountability which imposed lot of conditionalities and documentations to access these benefits”. While there has been some improvement in investment in girl children for immunization and education during the period 1992 to 2010, these were also seen among boys of the same houses and daughters in-laws who come from outside the state where such schemes are not in place.Conclusions: In the study area, girl children continue to be disadvantaged a tall periods in their childhood including in utero. In the short run, empowerment of individuals by education and increasing wealth without a concomitant change in culture of son-preference is harmful as it promotes the use of sex determination technology and female feticide to achieve desired family size and composition. There is a need to carefully review the use of health-enhancing technologies including vaccines so that they do not cause more harm to society. Current government efforts to address the gender imbalance are not working, as these are not rooted in a larger social context.
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