| 1. |
- Romanelli, F, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 51:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the last IAEA Conference JET has been in operation for one year with a programmatic focus on the qualification of ITER operating scenarios, the consolidation of ITER design choices and preparation for plasma operation with the ITER-like wall presently being installed in JET. Good progress has been achieved, including stationary ELMy H-mode operation at 4.5 MA. The high confinement hybrid scenario has been extended to high triangularity, lower ρ*and to pulse lengths comparable to the resistive time. The steady-state scenario has also been extended to lower ρ*and ν*and optimized to simultaneously achieve, under stationary conditions, ITER-like values of all other relevant normalized parameters. A dedicated helium campaign has allowed key aspects of plasma control and H-mode operation for the ITER non-activated phase to be evaluated. Effective sawtooth control by fast ions has been demonstrated with3He minority ICRH, a scenario with negligible minority current drive. Edge localized mode (ELM) control studies using external n = 1 and n = 2 perturbation fields have found a resonance effect in ELM frequency for specific q95values. Complete ELM suppression has, however, not been observed, even with an edge Chirikov parameter larger than 1. Pellet ELM pacing has been demonstrated and the minimum pellet size needed to trigger an ELM has been estimated. For both natural and mitigated ELMs a broadening of the divertor ELM-wetted area with increasing ELM size has been found. In disruption studies with massive gas injection up to 50% of the thermal energy could be radiated before, and 20% during, the thermal quench. Halo currents could be reduced by 60% and, using argon/deuterium and neon/deuterium gas mixtures, runaway electron generation could be avoided. Most objectives of the ITER-like ICRH antenna have been demonstrated; matching with closely packed straps, ELM resilience, scattering matrix arc detection and operation at high power density (6.2 MW m-2) and antenna strap voltages (42 kV). Coupling measurements are in very good agreement with TOPICA modelling. © 2011 IAEA, Vienna.
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| 2. |
- Abel, I, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results with the ITER-like wall
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 53:10, s. 104002-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the completion in May 2011 of the shutdown for the installation of the beryllium wall and the tungsten divertor, the first set of JET campaigns have addressed the investigation of the retention properties and the development of operational scenarios with the new plasma-facing materials. The large reduction in the carbon content (more than a factor ten) led to a much lower Z(eff) (1.2-1.4) during L- and H-mode plasmas, and radiation during the burn-through phase of the plasma initiation with the consequence that breakdown failures are almost absent. Gas balance experiments have shown that the fuel retention rate with the new wall is substantially reduced with respect to the C wall. The re-establishment of the baseline H-mode and hybrid scenarios compatible with the new wall has required an optimization of the control of metallic impurity sources and heat loads. Stable type-I ELMy H-mode regimes with H-98,H-y2 close to 1 and beta(N) similar to 1.6 have been achieved using gas injection. ELM frequency is a key factor for the control of the metallic impurity accumulation. Pedestal temperatures tend to be lower with the new wall, leading to reduced confinement, but nitrogen seeding restores high pedestal temperatures and confinement. Compared with the carbon wall, major disruptions with the new wall show a lower radiated power and a slower current quench. The higher heat loads on Be wall plasma-facing components due to lower radiation made the routine use of massive gas injection for disruption mitigation essential.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gerasimov, G. N., et al.
(författare)
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Amplifying the VUV radiation of atomic nitrogen in helium, argon, krypton, and xenon
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of optical technology (Print). - 1070-9762 .- 1091-0786. ; 79:8, s. 462-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the spectral features of the amplification of narrow-band radiation of atomic nitrogen in the excimeric media of inert gases, including helium, argon, krypton, and xenon. Appreciable short-wavelength shifts (up to 0.026 nm) are detected in the spectra of the amplified radiation relative to the atomic emission lines of nitrogen that initiate this radiation. The observed shifts exceeded the instrumental resolution of the spectrometer that we used, were determined by the composition of the amplifying medium, and were independent of its excitation parameters under the experimental conditions. An explanation of the observed effect is proposed.
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| 5. |
- Gerasimov, G. N., et al.
(författare)
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Mechanism for generating stimulated VUV emission of the Xe*Kr dimer in a dc capillary discharge
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of optical technology (Print). - 1070-9762 .- 1091-0786. ; 74:9, s. 579-584
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emission spectrum of a dc capillary discharge in krypton with a small (≤0.1%) xenon impurity has been experimentally studied in the 115-850-nm range. It is shown that most of the radiation energy is concentrated in a narrow VUV spectral band adjacent to the 146.96-nm resonance line of xenon and belonging to the heteronuclear Xe*Kr molecule. The power of the narrow-band VUV radiation and its angular dependence have been measured. A conclusion is drawn that the appearance of the narrow-band VUV radiation represents amplified spontaneous emission caused by transillumination of the broad-band amplifying medium by a narrow-band "seed."
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| 6. |
- Gerasimov, G. N., et al.
(författare)
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Parameters of VUV radiation from a DC capillary discharge in a mixture of krypton with xenon
- 2006
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Ingår i: Optics and Spectroscopy. - 0030-400X .- 1562-6911. ; 100:6, s. 825-829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the technique and the results of measurement of the power and geometry of the VUV radiation beam from a dc capillary discharge in a mixture of krypton and xenon. The angular divergence of narrowband VUV radiation of the heteronuclear KrXe* molecule is shown to be narrower as compared to that of the discharge radiation in the range 200-1000 nm. The power of VUV radiation from a discharge tube 80 cm long is found to exceed 10 mW.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Zhang, Ruiyan, et al.
(författare)
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Nanomedical Relevance of the Intermolecular Interaction Dynamics-Examples from Lysozymes and Insulins
- 2019
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Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 4:2, s. 4206-4220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insulin and lysozyme share the common features of being prone to aggregate and having biomedical importance. Encapsulating lysozyme and insulin in micellar nanoparticles probably would prevent aggregation and facilitate oral drug delivery. Despite the vivid structural knowledge of lysozyme and insulin, the environment-dependent oligomerization (dimer, trimer, and multimer) and associated structural dynamics remain elusive. The knowledge of the intra- and intermolecular interaction profiles has cardinal importance for the design of encapsulation protocols. We have employed various biophysical methods such as NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, Thioflavin T fluorescence, and atomic force microscopy in conjugation with molecular modeling to improve the understanding of interaction dynamics during homo-oligomerization of lysozyme (human and hen egg) and insulin (porcine, human, and glargine). The results obtained depict the atomistic intra- and intermolecular interaction details of the homo-oligomerization and confirm the propensity to form fibrils. Taken together, the data accumulated and knowledge gained will further facilitate nanoparticle design and production with insulin or lysozyme-related protein encapsulation.
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| 10. |
- Zhang, R. Y., et al.
(författare)
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Lysozyme's lectin-like characteristics facilitates its immune defense function
- 2017
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Ingår i: Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1469-8994 .- 0033-5835. ; 50, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interactions between human lysozyme (HL) and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1, a causative agent of lung infection, were identified by surface plasmon resonance. To characterize the molecular mechanism of this interaction, HL binding to synthetic disaccharides and tetrasaccharides representing one and two repeating units, respectively, of the O-chain of this LPS were studied. pH-dependent structural rearrangements of HL after interaction with the disaccharide were observed through nuclear magnetic resonance. The crystal structure of the HL-tetrasaccharide complex revealed carbohydrate chain packing into the A, B, C, and D binding sites of HL, which primarily occurred through residue-specific, direct or water-mediated hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. Overall, these results support a crucial role of the Glu35/Asp53/Trp63/Asp102 residues in HL binding to the tetrasaccharide. These observations suggest an unknown glycan-guided mechanism that underlies recognition of the bacterial cell wall by lysozyme and may complement the HL immune defense function.
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