| 1. |
- Kudzotsa, Innocent, et al.
(författare)
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Aerosol indirect effects on glaciated clouds. Part 2 : Sensitivity tests using solute aerosols
- 2016
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. - : Wiley. - 0035-9009 .- 1477-870X. ; 142:698, s. 1970-1981
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sensitivity tests were performed on a midlatitude continental case using a state-of-the-art aerosol–cloud model to determine the salient mechanisms of aerosol indirect effects (AIE) from solute aerosols. The simulations showed that increased solute aerosols doubled cloud-droplet number concentrations and hence reduced cloud particle sizes by about 20% and consequently inhibited warm rain processes, thus enhancing the chances of homogeneous freezing of cloud droplets and aerosols. Cloud fractions and their optical thicknesses increased quite substantially with increasing solute aerosols. Although liquid mixing ratios were boosted, there was, however, a substantial reduction of ice mixing ratios in the upper troposphere, owing to the increase in snow production aloft. The predicted total aerosol indirect effect was equal to −9.46 ± 1.4 W m−2. The AIEs of glaciated clouds (−6.33 ± 0.95 W m−2) were greater than those of water-only clouds (−3.13 ± 0.47 W m−2) by a factor of two in this continental case. The higher radiative importance of glaciated clouds compared with water-only clouds emerged from their larger collective spatial extent and their existence above water-only clouds. In addition to the traditional AIEs (glaciation, riming and thermodynamic), the new AIEs sedimentation, aggregation and coalescence were identified.
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| 2. |
- Kudzotsa, Innocent, et al.
(författare)
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Aerosol indirect effects on glaciated clouds. Part I : Model description
- 2016
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. - : Wiley. - 0035-9009 .- 1477-870X. ; 142:698, s. 1958-1969
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various improvements were made to a state-of-the-art aerosol–cloud model and comparison of the model results with observations from field campaigns was performed. The strength of this aerosol–cloud model is in its ability to explicitly resolve all the known modes of heterogeneous cloud droplet activation and ice crystal nucleation. The model links cloud particle activation with the aerosol loading and chemistry of seven different aerosol species. These improvements to the model resulted in more accurate prediction especially of droplet and ice crystal number concentrations in the upper troposphere and enabled the model to directly sift the aerosol indirect effects based on the chemistry and concentration of the aerosols. In addition, continental and maritime cases were simulated for the purpose of validating the aerosol–cloud model and for investigating the critical microphysical and dynamical mechanisms of aerosol indirect effects from anthropogenic solute and solid aerosols, focusing mainly on glaciated clouds. The simulations showed that increased solute aerosols reduced cloud particle sizes by about 5 μm and inhibited warm rain processes. Cloud fractions and their optical thicknesses were increased quite substantially in both cases. Although liquid mixing ratios were boosted, there was however a substantial reduction of ice mixing ratios in the upper troposphere owing to the increase in snow production aloft. These results are detailed in the subsequent parts of this study.
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| 3. |
- Kudzotsa, Innocent, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of solid aerosols on partially glaciated clouds
- 2018
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. - : Wiley. - 0035-9009 .- 1477-870X. ; 144:717, s. 2634-2649
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sensitivity tests were conducted using a state-of-the-art aerosol–cloud to investigate the key microphysical and dynamical mechanisms by which solid aerosols affect glaciated clouds. The tests involved simulations of two contrasting cases of deep convection—a tropical maritime case and a midlatitude continental case, in which solid aerosol concentrations were increased from their pre-industrial (1850) to their present-day (2010) levels. In the midlatitude continental case, the boosting of the number concentrations of solid aerosols weakened the updrafts in deep convective clouds, resulting in reduced snow and graupel production. Consequently, the cloud fraction and the cloud optical thickness increased with increasing ice nuclei (IN), causing a negative radiative flux change at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), that is, a cooling effect of −1.96 ± 0.29 W/m2. On the other hand, in the tropical maritime case, increased ice nuclei invigorated upper-tropospheric updrafts in both deep convective and stratiform clouds, causing cloud tops to shift upwards. Snow production was also intensified, resulting in reduced cloud fraction and cloud optical thickness, hence a positive radiative flux change at the TOA—a warming effect of 1.02 ± 0.36 W/m2 was predicted.
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| 4. |
- Kudzotsa, Innocent, et al.
(författare)
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Modeled aerosol-cloud indirect effects and processes based on an observed partially glaciated marine deep convective cloud case
- 2019
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 204, s. 12-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A tropical maritime case of deep convective clouds was studied using a state-of-the-art aerosol-cloud model in order to evaluate the microphysical mechanisms of aerosol indirect effects (AIE). The aerosol-cloud scheme used is a hybrid bin/bulk model, which treats all phases of clouds and precipitation allowing a detailed analysis of process-level aerosol indirect effects on targeted cloud types. From the simulations, a substantially huge total AIE on maritime clouds of −17.44 ± 6.1 Wm −2 was predicted primarily because maritime clouds are highly sensitive to perturbations in aerosol concentrations because of their low background aerosol concentrations. This was evidenced by the conspicuous increases in droplet and ice number concentrations and the subsequent reductions in particle mean sizes in the present-day. Both the water-only (−9.08 ± 3.18 Wm −2 ) and the partially glaciated clouds (−8.36 ± 2.93 Wm −2 ) contributed equally to the net AIE of these maritime clouds. As for the partially glaciated clouds, the mixed-phase component (−14.12 ± 4.94 Wm −2 ) of partially glaciated clouds was dominant, whilst the ice-only component (5.76 ± 1.84 Wm −2 ) actually exhibited a positive radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). This was primarily because ice water contents aloft were diminished significantly owing to increased snow production in the present-day.
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| 5. |
- Phillips, Vaughan, et al.
(författare)
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A Parameterization of Sticking Efficiency for Collisions of Snow and Graupel with Ice Crystals: Theory and Comparison with Observations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. - 1520-0469. ; 72:12, s. 4885-4902
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new parameterization of sticking efficiency for aggregation of ice crystals onto snow and graupel is presented. This parameter plays a crucial role for the formation of ice precipitation and for electrification processes. The parameterization is intended to be used in atmospheric models simulating the aggregation of ice particles in glaciated clouds. It should improve the ability to forecast snow.Based on experimental results and general considerations of collision processes, dependencies of the sticking efficiency on temperature, surface area, and collision kinetic energy of impacting particles are derived. The parameters have been estimated from some laboratory observations by simulating the experiments and minimizing the squares of the errors of the prediction of observed quantities. The predictions from the new scheme are compared with other available laboratory and field observations. The comparisons show that the parameterization is able to reproduce the thermal behavior of sticking efficiency, observed in published laboratory studies, with a peak around -15 degrees C corresponding to dendritic vapor growth of ice.Finally, a new theory of sticking efficiency is proposed. It explains the empirically derived parameterization in terms of a probability distribution of the work that would be required to separate two contacting particles colliding in all possible ways among many otherwise identical collisions of the same pair with a given initial collision kinetic energy. For each collision, if this work done would exceed the initial collision kinetic energy, then there is no separation after impact. The probability of that occurring equals the sticking efficiency.
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| 6. |
- Phillips, Vaughan T.J., et al.
(författare)
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Ice multiplication by breakup in ice-ice collisions. Part II : Numerical simulations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journals of the Atmospheric Sciences. - 0022-4928. ; 74:9, s. 2789-2811
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Part I of this two-part paper, a formulation was developed to treat fragmentation in ice-ice collisions. In the present Part II, the formulation is implemented in two microphysically advanced cloud models simulating a convective line observed over the U.S. high plains. One model is 2D with a spectral bin microphysics scheme. The other has a hybrid bin-two-moment bulk microphysics scheme in 3D. The case consists of cumulonimbus cells with cold cloud bases (near 0° C) in a dry troposphere. Only with breakup included in the simulation are aircraft observations of particles with maximum dimensions >0.2mmin the storm adequately predicted by both models. In fact, breakup in ice-ice collisions is by far the most prolific process of ice initiation in the simulated clouds (95%-98% of all nonhomogeneous ice), apart from homogeneous freezing of droplets. Inclusion of breakup in the cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations increased, by between about one and two orders of magnitude, the average concentration of ice between about 0° and -30°C. Most of the breakup is due to collisions of snow with graupel/hail. It is broadly consistent with the theoretical result in Part I about an explosive tendency for ice multiplication. Breakup in collisions of snow (crystals > ~1mm and aggregates) with denser graupel/hail was the main pathway for collisional breakup and initiated about 60%-90% of all ice particles not from homogeneous freezing, in the simulations by both models. Breakup is predicted to reduce accumulated surface precipitation in the simulated storm by about 20%-40%.
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