| 1. |
- Gulshan Kazi, Zubaida, et al.
(författare)
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Glycoside hydrolases for extraction and modification of polyphenolic antioxidants
- 2013
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Ingår i: Advances in enzyme biotechnology. - New Delhi : Springer India. - 9788132210931 - 9788132210948 ; , s. 9-21
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antioxidants are important molecules that are widely used by humans, both as dietary supplements and as additives to different types of products. In this chapter, we review how flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic antioxidants that are often found in glycosylated forms in many natural resources, can be extracted and modified using glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Glycosylation is a fundamental enzymatic process in nature, affecting function of many types of molecules (glycans, proteins, lipids as well as other organic molecules such as the flavonoids). Possibilities to control glycosylation thus mean possibilities to control or modify the function of the molecule. For the flavonoids, glycosylation affect both the antioxidative power and solubility. In this chapter we overview results on in vitro deglycosylation and glycosylation of flavonoids by selected GHs. For optimal enzymatic performance, desired features include a correct specificity for the target, combined with high stability. Poor specificity towards a specific substituent is thus a major drawback for enzymes in particular applications. Efforts to develop the enzymes as conversion tools are reviewed.
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| 2. |
- Krishnaswamyreddy, Sumitha, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogenetic analysis and substrate specificity of GH2 β-mannosidases from Aspergillus species.
- 2013
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Ingår i: FEBS Letters. - : Wiley. - 1873-3468 .- 0014-5793. ; 587:21, s. 3444-3449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phylogenetic analysis of glycoside hydrolase family 2 including Aspergillus sequences and characterised β-mannosidases from other organisms, clusters putative Aspergillus β-mannosidases in two distinct clades (A and B). Aspergillus species have at least one paralog in each of the two clades. It appears that clade A members are extracellular and clade B members intracellular. Substrate specificity analysis of MndA of Aspergillus niger (clade A) and MndB of Aspergillus nidulans (clade B) show that MndB, in contrast to MndA, does not hydrolyse polymeric mannan and has probably evolved to hydrolyse small unbranched β-mannosides like mannobiose. A 3D-model of MndB provides further insight.
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| 3. |
- Kulkarni, Tejas, et al.
(författare)
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Crystal structure of β-glucosidase 1A from Thermotoga neapolitana and comparison of active site mutants for hydrolysis of flavonoid glucosides
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proteins: Structure, Function and Bioinformatics. - : Wiley. - 1097-0134 .- 0887-3585. ; 85:5, s. 872-884
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The β-glucosidase TnBgl1A catalyses hydrolysis of O-linked terminal β-glycosidic bonds at the nonreducing end of glycosides/oligosaccharides. Enzymes with this specificity have potential in lignocellulose conversion (degrading cellobiose to glucose) and conversion of bioactive flavonoids (modification of glycosylation results in modulation of bioavailability). Previous work has shown TnBgl1A to hydrolyse 3, 4′ and 7 glucosylation in flavonoids, and although conversion of 3-glucosylated substrate to aglycone was low, it was improved by mutagenesis of residue N220. To further explore structure-function relationships, the crystal structure of the nucleophile mutant TnBgl1A-E349G was determined at 1.9 Å resolution, and docking studies of flavonoid substrates were made to reveal substrate interacting residues. A series of single amino acid changes were introduced in the aglycone binding region [N220(S/F), N221(S/F), F224(I), F310(L/E), and W322(A)] of the wild type. Activity screening was made on eight glucosylated flavonoids, and kinetic parameters were monitored for the flavonoid quercetin-3-glucoside (Q3), as well as for the model substrate para-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc). Substitution by Ser at N220 or N221 increased the catalytic efficiency on both pNPGlc and Q3. Residue W322 was proven important for substrate accomodation, as mutagenesis to W322A resulted in a large reduction of hydrolytic activity on 3-glucosylated flavonoids. Flavonoid glucoside hydrolysis was unaffected by mutations at positions 224 and 310. The mutations did not significantly affect thermal stability, and the variants kept an apparent unfolding temperature of 101°C. This work pinpoints positions in the aglycone region of TnBgl1A of importance for specificity on flavonoid-3-glucosides, improving the molecular understanding of activity in GH1 enzymes.
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