| 1. |
- Bujila, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Applying three different methods of measuring CTDIfree air to the extended CTDI formalism for wide-beam scanners (IEC 60601-2-44) : a comparative study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1526-9914. ; 19:4, s. 281-289
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The weighted CT dose index (CTDIw) has been extended for a nominal total collimation width (nT) greater than 40 mm and relies on measurements of CTDfree air. The purpose of this work was to compare three methods of measuring CTDIfree air and subsequent calculations of CTDIw to investigate their clinical appropriateness.Methods: The CTDIfree air, for multiple nTs up to 160 mm, was calculated from (1) high-resolution air kerma profiles from a step-and-shoot translation of a liquid ionization chamber (LIC) (considered to be a dosimetric reference), (2) pencil ionization chamber (PIC) measurements at multiple contiguous positions, and (3) air kerma profiles obtained through the continuous translation of a solid-state detector. The resulting CTDIfree air was used to calculate the CTDIw, per the extended formalism, and compared.Results: The LIC indicated that a 40 mm nT should not be excluded from the extension of the CTDIw formalism. The solid-state detector differed by as much as 8% compared to the LIC. The PIC was the most straightforward method and gave equivalent results to the LIC.Conclusions: The CTDIw calculated with the latest CTDI formalism will differ most for 160 mm nTs (e.g., whole-organ perfusion or coronary CT angiography) compared to the previous CTDI formalism. Inaccuracies in the measurement of CTDIfree air will subsequently manifest themselves as erroneous calculations of the CTDIw, for nTs greater than 40 mm, with the latest CTDI formalism. The PIC was found to be the most clinically feasible method and was validated against the LIC.
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| 2. |
- Källman, Hans-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Source modeling for Monte Carlo dose calculation of CT examinations with a radiotherapy treatment planning system
- 2016
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Ingår i: Medical physics (Lancaster). - : Wiley. - 0094-2405. ; 43:11, s. 6118-6128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose:Radiation dose to patients undergoing examinations with Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) as well as Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a matter of concern. Risk management could benefit from efficient replace rational dose calculation tools. The paper aims to verify MSCT dose calculations using a Treatment Planning System (TPS) for radiotherapy and to evaluate four different variations of bow-tie filter characterizations for the beam model used in the dose calculations.Methods:A TPS (RayStation™, RaySearch Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden) was configured to calculate dose from a MSCT (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, WI, USA). The x-ray beam was characterized in a stationary position the by measurements of the Half-Value Layer (HVL) in aluminum and kerma along the principal axes of the isocenter plane perpendicular to the beam. A Monte Carlo source model for the dose calculation was applied with four different variations on the beam-shaping bow-tie filter, taking into account the different degrees of HVL information but reconstructing the measured kerma distribution after the bow-tie filter by adjusting the photon sampling function. The resulting dose calculations were verified by comparison with measurements in solid water as well as in an anthropomorphic phantom.Results:The calculated depth dose in solid water as well as the relative dose profiles was in agreement with the corresponding measured values. Doses calculated in the anthropomorphic phantom in the range 26–55 mGy agreed with the corresponding thermo luminescence dosimeter (TLD) measurements. Deviations between measurements and calculations were of the order of the measurement uncertainties. There was no significant difference between the different variations on the bow-tie filter modeling.Conclusions:Under the assumption that the calculated kerma after the bow-tie filter replicates the measured kerma, the central specification of the HVL of the x-ray beam together with the kerma distribution can be used to characterize the beam. Thus, within the limits of the study, a flat bow-tie filter with an HVL specified by the vendor suffices to calculate the dose distribution. The TPS could be successfully configured to replicate the beam movement and intensity modulation of a spiral scan with dose modulation, on the basis of the specifications available in the metadata of the digital images and the log file of the CT.
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| 3. |
- Nowik, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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The dosimetric impact of including the patient table in CT dose estimates
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physics in Medicine and Biology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0031-9155 .- 1361-6560. ; 62:23, s. 538-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dosimetric impact of including the patient table in Monte Carlo CT dose estimates for both spiral scans and scan projection radiographs (SPR). CT scan acquisitions were simulated for a Siemens SOMATOM Force scanner (Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) with and without a patient table present. An adult male, an adult female and a pediatric female voxelized phantom were simulated. The simulated scans included tube voltages of 80 and 120 kVp. Spiral scans simulated without a patient table resulted in effective doses that were overestimated by approximately 5 % compared to the same simulations performed with the patient table present. Doses in selected individual organs (breast, colon, lung, red bone marrow and stomach) were overestimated by up to 8 %. Effective doses from SPR acquired with the X-ray tube stationary at 6 o'clock (posterior-anterior) were overestimated by 14-23 % when the patient table was not included, with individual organ dose discrepancies (breast, colon, lung red bone marrow and stomach) all exceeding 13%. The reference entrance skin dose to the back were in this situation overestimated by 6-15 %. These results highlight the importance of including the patient table in patient dose estimates for such scan situations.
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| 4. |
- Persson, Mats, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Upper limits of the photon fluence rate on CT detectors : case study on a commercial scanner
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Purpose: The highest photon fluence rate that a CT detector must be able to measure is animportant parameter. We calculate the maximum transmitted fluence rate in a commercial CT scanner as a function of patient size for standard head, chest and abdomen protocols.Method: We scanned an anthropomorphic phantom (Kyoto Kagaku PBU-60) with the reference CT protocols provided by AAPM on a GE LightSpeed VCT scanner and noted the tube currentapplied with the tube current modulation (TCM) system. By rescaling this tube current usingpublished measurements on the tube current modulation of a GE scanner we could estimate the tube current that these protocols would have resulted in for other patient sizes. An ECG gatedchest protocol was also simulated. Using measured dose rate profiles along the bowtie filters, wesimulated imaging of anonymized patient images with a range of sizes on a GE VCT scanner andcalculated the maximum transmitted fluence rate. In addition, the 99th and the 95th percentilesof the transmitted fluence rate distribution behind the patient are calculated and the effect of omitting projection lines passing just below the skin line is investigated.Results: The highest transmitted fluence rates on the detector for the AAPM reference protocolswith centered patients are found for head and chest images of small patients, with a maximumof 7.1 · 107 mm−2 s−1 for head and 9.6 · 107 mm−2 s−1 for chest. Miscentering the head by 50 mm downwards increases the maximum transmitted fluence rate to 3.9 · 108 mm−2 s−1 . The ECG gatedchest protocol gives fluence rates up to 2.3 · 108 − 2.4 · 108 mm−2 s−1 depending on miscentering.Conclusion: The fluence rate on a CT detector reaches 1 · 108 − 4 · 108 mm−2 s−1 in standardimaging protocols, with the highest rates occurring for ECG gated chest and miscentered headscans. These results will be useful to developers of CT detectors, in particular photon countingdetectors.
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| 5. |
- Persson, Mats, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Upper limits of the photon fluence rate on CT detectors : Case study on a commercial scanner
- 2016
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Ingår i: Medical physics (Lancaster). - : AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS. - 0094-2405. ; 43:7, s. 4398-4411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The highest photon fluence rate that a computed tomography (CT) detector must be able to measure is an important parameter. The authors calculate the maximum transmitted fluence rate in a commercial CT scanner as a function of patient size for standard head, chest, and abdomen protocols. Methods: The authors scanned an anthropomorphic phantom (Kyoto Kagaku PBU-60) with the reference CT protocols provided by AAPM on a GE LightSpeed VCT scanner and noted the tube current applied with the tube current modulation (TCM) system. By rescaling this tube current using published measurements on the tube current modulation of a GE scanner [N. Keat, "CT scanner automatic exposure control systems," MHRA Evaluation Report 05016, ImPACT, London, UK, 2005], the authors could estimate the tube current that these protocols would have resulted in for other patient sizes. An ECG gated chest protocol was also simulated. Using measured dose rate profiles along the bowtie filters, the authors simulated imaging of anonymized patient images with a range of sizes on a GE VCT scanner and calculated the maximum transmitted fluence rate. In addition, the 99th and the 95th percentiles of the transmitted fluence rate distribution behind the patient are calculated and the effect of omitting projection lines passing just below the skin line is investigated. Results: The highest transmitted fluence rates on the detector for the AAPM reference protocols with centered patients are found for head images and for intermediate-sized chest images, both with a maximum of 3.4 . 10(8) mm(-2) s-1, at 949 mm distance from the source. Miscentering the head by 50 mm downward increases the maximum transmitted fluence rate to 5.7 . 10(8) mm(-2) s(-1). The ECG gated chest protocol gives fluence rates up to 2.3 . 10(8)-3.6 . 10(8) mm(-2) s(-1) depending on miscentering. Conclusions: The fluence rate on a CT detector reaches 3 . 10(8)-6 . 10(8) mm(-2) s(-1) in standard imaging protocols, with the highest rates occurring for ECG gated chest and miscentered head scans. These results will be useful to developers of CT detectors, in particular photon counting detectors. (C) 2016 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.
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| 6. |
- Öhman, A, et al.
(författare)
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Radiation doses in examination of lower third molars with computed tomography and conventional radiography.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiology. - : British Institute of Radiology. - 0250-832X .- 1476-542X. ; 37:8, s. 445-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To measure organ doses and calculate effective doses for pre-operative radiographic examination of lower third molars with CT and conventional radiography (CR). METHODS: Measurements of organ doses were made on an anthropomorphic head phantom with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters. The dosemeters were placed in regions corresponding to parotid and submandibular glands, mandibular bone, thyroid gland, skin, eye lenses and brain. The organ doses were used for the calculation of effective doses according to proposed International Commission on Radiological Protection 2005 guidelines. For the CT examination, a Siemens Somatom Plus 4 Volume Zoom was used and exposure factors were set to 120 kV and 100 mAs. For conventional radiographs, a Scanora unit was used and panoramic, posteroanterior, stereographic (scanogram) and conventional spiral tomographic views were exposed. RESULTS: The effective doses were 0.25 mSv, 0.060 mSv and 0.093 mSv for CT, CR without conventional tomography and CR with conventional spiral tomography, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The effective dose is low when CT examination with exposure factors optimized for the examination of bone structures is performed. However, the dose is still about four times as high as for CR without tomography. CT should therefore not be a standard method for the examination of lower third molars. In cases where there is a close relationship between the tooth and the inferior alveolar nerve the advantages of true sectional imaging, such as CT, outweighs the higher effective dose and is recommended. Further reduction in the dose is feasible with further optimization of examination protocols and the development of newer techniques.
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