| 1. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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Fire incidents during construction work of tunnels
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report summaries guidelines and solutions related to fire safety in underground facilities during the construction phase. Development of different fire scenarios in underground facilities under construction are presented. Based on different design fire scenarios evacuation analysis was carried out. The incident situation of the fire services are discussed and proposals for solutions discussed. Numerous tunnel sites under construction were visited and conclusions obtained from the visits are presented. Test with a large scale tire of a front wheel loader was conducted in order to obtain input for the design fire of construction vehicle. Recommendations for constructors and authorities as well as for fire services are given. These recommendations are based on the work carried out during the project.
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| 2. |
- Kumm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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EPS insulated façade fires from a fire and rescue perspective
- 2013
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Ingår i: 1st International Seminar for Fire Safety of Facades, FSF 2013. - : EDP Sciences.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper highlights the challenges the fire and rescue services can meet at façade fires involving EPS insulation during construction and use of a building. The EPS characteristics are discussed in respect to the fire and rescue operation and results from orientating fire tests performed at a fire and rescue services training and test field are presented. Types of evacuation solutions, involving the fire and rescue services, where façade fires can delay or completely rule out the possibilities for safe evacuation, are presented. The restrictions in the Swedish building codes regarding use of combustible insulation are analysed and reflections over the practical problems with following the instructions to keep an EPS insulated façade safe through the building's whole lifespan are made. A number of occurred fires involving EPS are discussed and analysed from a fire and rescue perspective. Finally, recommendations are given for the fire and rescue services and future research fields are proposed.
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| 3. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Recommendations for Firefighting in Underground Facilities
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings from the 7th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security. - SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, Borås. ; , s. 115-125, s. 115-125
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The need for a successful fire and rescue operation in an underground facility, e.g., a tunnel, introduces challenges both in the planning phase and during the incident. This is because these types of facilities can be very complex, and thus, specific tactics are needed compared to the more common incidents, e.g. in residential premises. When planning a fire and rescue operation and developing the tactics many different aspects need to be considered: complexity of the facility, the expected number of people involved in the operation, information available about the incident, the purpose of operation, etc. This paper contains recommendations for firefighting in underground facilities. The recommendations are structured in accordance to the sequential time period during which some specific fire safety design measures are taken. These periods are the design phase, the construction phase and finally when the facility is in operation. The recommendations presented in this paper are based on the results of the Swedish TMU research project (Tactics and methodologies for firefighting in underground facilities), results from other research projects and experience from real fire and rescue operations.
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| 4. |
- Palm, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Full Scale Firefighting Tests in the Tistbrottet Mine
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 52:5, s. 1519-1537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper describes full-scale fire-fighting tests performed in an underground mine. A total of six different methods to fight a full scale fire in a mine tunnel were tested. The methods involved different fire-fighting equipment but were comparable regarding fundamental conditions such as length of response-route, fire-fighting set-up, and smoke and fire size. The aim was to compare different equipment and methods to reach and eventually extinguish the fire. Fire fighters using breathing apparatus (BA) were monitored regarding air consumption, movement speed and local actions and decisions. The results are presented and analyzed in respect to fire-fighting efficiency, front BA operations including moving speed and performed actions, as well as the time to successfully put out the fire. Measurements of heat release rates, temperatures and moving speeds are given in order to quantify the efficiency of the operation. Results indicate that a timespan of 15-30 min is needed for the firefighters to reach the fire source and achieve the extinguishing criteria in five of the tests. The standard equipment and nozzles shows good performance in the tests. A limiting factor on the firefighter's endurance is the amount of air that is available. As a result from these findings the endurance of BA-teams could improve if focus is put on team organization, lightweight equipment and air supply.
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| 5. |
- Carlson, Eva-Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Evacuation tests with elevated platforms in railway tunnels
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the purpose to increase the knowledge on human behaviour when evacuating along elevated platforms, an experiment was carried out at the subway station of Skarpnäck, Stockholm, in October 2016. The overall project objective was to develop basic data for guidelines regarding fire safety design concerning evacuation along elevated platforms. The experiment was designed as a group experiment divided into five different scenarios. In total, 111 persons of mixed gender and age participated. The results from the experiment show that the flow rate along the elevated platform decreased as the walkway was getting narrower. It could also be seen that along the first half of the walkway, where a train was located on the rail track next to the elevated platform, the flow rate was higher and the width of the walkway was used to a lager extent compared to the second half of the walkway where the platform was open to the track area. One of three wheelchair users who participated in the experiment expressed discomfort caused by the height and the width of the walkway and nearly half of the participants experienced problems with passing others walking slower than themselves.
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| 6. |
- Carlson, Eva-Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Upphöjda gångbanor i spårtunnlar
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I tunnlar för spårbunden trafik har allt fler upphöjda gångbanor projekterats de senaste åren. Dessa gångbanor är belägna lägst i jämnhöjd med överkanten på rälsen och som högst i jämnhöjd med tågets utgångar, med en sträckning längs med spårtunneln, och är avsedda att användas vid utrymning. Upphöjda gångbanor har framhållits som en personsäkerhetshöjande åtgärd, men dess egentliga påverkan på säkerhetsnivån är baserade på mycket begränsade erfarenheter och osäkert beräkningsunderlag.Syftet med utfört utrymningsförsök har varit att studera människors beteende och förflyttning vid utrymning på upphöjda gångbanor.Det övergripande projektmålet har varit att utveckla förslag till riktlinjer (beslutsunderlag) angående hur olika faktorer som påverkar utrymningsförloppet på upphöjda gångbanor ska hanteras vid brandteknisk projektering. Målet med de utförda försöken som presenteras i denna rapport var att generera ett kvantitativt och kvalitativt resultat, som stöd och underlag till dessa riktlinjer.Arbetet har begränsats till att behandla flöde av personer, nyttjande av gångbanebredden, människors förutsättningar att passera långsamgående samt möjlighet till utrymning för rullstolsburna. Rapporten har dessutom kompletterats med observationer som gjorts då insamlat videomaterial bearbetats i samband med analysen.Utrymningsförsöket genomfördes på Skarpnäcks tunnelbanestation, Stockholm. Då stationen inte har några befintliga upphöjda gångbanor byggdes en gångbana med hjälp av skärmväggar intill perrongkanten. Totalt 111 försökspersoner deltog, varav tre var rullstolsburna.Försöket var indelat i fem delförsök. I delförsök 1, 3 och 5 förflyttade sig hela försöksgruppen från ena änden av gångbanan till den andra. Bredden varierades mellan 1,20 m, 1,05 m respektive 0,90 m. I delförsök 2 och 4 delades försöksgruppen upp i två delar. Hälften förflyttade sig, likt tidigare delförsök, längs med gångbanan och hälften startade i det tåg som fanns parkerat intill gångbanan och anslöt sedan till flödet på gångbanan. Bredden varierades mellan 1,20 m respektive 1,05 m. Referensförsök utfördes i en korridor, som också den byggdes upp med skärmväggar på perrongen. När del- och referensförsöken var avslutade ombads försökspersonerna att delta i en enkätstudie, vilket de flesta valde att göra.Resultaten från försöket visar att personflödet sjönk med minskad bredd på gångbanan. Detta gällde för samtliga punkter där flödet mättes, inklusive flödet ut ur tåget. I resultaten framgår också att gångbanans bredd nyttjades i större utsträckning på den del av gångbanan där ett tåg stod parkerat intill gångbanan än på den del där det var öppet ut mot spårområdet.I enkätundersökningen framgår att nästan hälften av försökspersonerna upplevde att det var problem att passera långsamgående personer. Vissa passerade, men med svårigheter, och andra ville passera, men fick inte möjlighet till det.En av de tre rullstolsburna som deltog i försöket upplevde obehag orsakat av gångbanans höjd och bredd, vilket resulterade i att personen endast deltog i delförsök 1 och 2.
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| 7. |
- Claesson, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory fire experiments with a 1/3 train carriage mockup
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A total of six fire tests were conducted in a mock-up of a subway carriage that is about 1/3 of a full wagon length. They were carried out under a large scale calorimeter in a laboratory environment. The aim of the tests was to investigate the initial fire growth in a corner scenario using different types of ignition sources that could lead to a flashover situation. The ignition sources used were either a wood crib placed on a corner seat or one liter of petrol poured on the corner seat and the neighboring floor together with a backpack. The amount of luggage and wood cribs in the neighborhood of the ignition source was continuously increased in order to identify the limits for flashover in the test-setup. The tests showed that the combustible boards on parts of the walls had a significant effect on the fire spread. In the cases where the initial fire did not exceed a range of 400 – 600 kW no flashover was observed. If the initial fire grew up to 700 – 900 kW a flashover was observed. The maximum heat release rate during a short flashover period for this test set-up was about 3.5 MW. The time to reach flashover was highly dependent on the ignition type, wood cribs or backpack and petrol.
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