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- Bhatt, Mehul, Professor, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling Functional Requirements in Spatial Design
- 2010
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Ingår i: Conceptual Modeling - ER 2010. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642163722 - 9783642163739 ; , s. 464-470
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate the manner in which high-level design requirements, e.g., as they correspond to the commonsensical conceptualisation of expert designers, may be formally specified within practical information systems, wherein heterogeneous perspectives and conceptual commitments are needed. Focussing on semantics, modularity and consistency, we argue that our formalisation serves as a synergistic interface that mediates between the two disconnected domains of human abstracted qualitative/conceptual knowledge and its quantitative/precision-oriented counterpart within systems for spatial design (assistance). Our demonstration utilises simple, yet real world examples.
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| 2. |
- Bhatt, Mehul, Professor, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Ontological modelling of form and function for architectural design
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Ontology. - : IOS Press. - 1570-5838 .- 1875-8533. ; 7:3, s. 233-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Form, function and the relationship between the two serve a crucial role in design. Within architectural design, key aspects of the anticipated function of buildings, or of spatial environments in general, are supposed to be supported by their structural form, i.e., their shape, layout, or connectivity. Whereas the philosophy of form and function is a well-researched topic, the practical relations and dependencies between form and function are only known implicitly by designers and architects. Specifically, the formal modelling of structural forms and resulting artefactual functions within design and design assistance systems remains elusive.In our work, we aim at making these definitions explicit by ontologically modelling respective domain entities, their properties and related constraints. We interpret "(structural) form" and "(artefactual) function" by specifying modular ontologies and their interplay for the architectural design domain. A key aspect in our modelling approach is the use of formal conceptual requirements and qualitative spatial calculi as a link between the structural form of a design and the differing functional capabilities that it affords or leads to. We demonstrate how our ontological modelling reflects types of architectural form and function, and how it facilitates the conceptual modelling of requirement constraints in architectural design.
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| 3. |
- Chernenk, Kirill, et al.
(författare)
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Performance and characterization of the FinEstBeAMS beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. - 0909-0495. ; 28, s. 1620-1630
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- FinEstBeAMS (Finnish-Estonian Beamline for Atmospheric and Materials Sciences) is a multidisciplinary beamline constructed at the 1.5 GeV storage ring of the MAX IV synchrotron facility in Lund, Sweden. The beamline covers an extremely wide photon energy range, 4.5-1300 eV, by utilizing a single elliptically polarizing undulator as a radiation source and a single grazing-incidence plane grating monochromator to disperse the radiation. At photon energies below 70 eV the beamline operation relies on the use of optical and thin-film filters to remove higher-order components from the monochromated radiation. This paper discusses the performance of the beamline, examining such characteristics as the quality of the gratings, photon energy calibration, photon energy resolution, available photon flux, polarization quality and focal spot size.
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| 4. |
- Confalonieri, Roberto, et al.
(författare)
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Preface
- 2021
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Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. - : CEUR-WS. - 1613-0073. ; 2998
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hammar, Karl, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Preface
- 2020
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Ingår i: JOWO 2020: The Joint Ontology Workshops. - : CEUR-WS.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Hois, Joana, et al.
(författare)
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Modular Ontologies for Architectural Design
- 2009
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Ingår i: Formal Ontologies Meet Industry. - : IOS Press. - 9781607500476 - 9781607504580 ; , s. 66-77
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Designs of architectural environments have to take into account various sources of heterogeneous information. Not only quantitative spatial constraints and qualitative relations but also functionally-dependent and abstract conceptualizations are relevant aspects for an architectural design. We aim at a modular ontological approach based on the theory of E-connections to formally present and bring together these different perspectives on the domain. Modularity here allows a flexible integration of the various sources while keeping their thematically different aspects apart. We show how modular ontologies reflect the domain for architectural design and how they can be applied.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Murray, Christopher J. L., et al.
(författare)
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Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1995-2051
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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