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| 2. |
- Glaa, Besma, et al.
(författare)
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From free to fee : changing the revenue model for individual services
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceeding of the Spring Servitization Conference. - Birmingham, UK : Aston university. - 9781854494184 ; , s. 172-181
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Industrial services have traditionally been provided for free to support product sales. Nowadays, many manufacturers have built a profitable service business while others are struggling to improve their service profitability. Overall, most research focus on service infusion in the value proposition or servitization of the organization. Far less attention has been given to how firms start to charge for free services. The purpose of this research is to increase understanding of how manufacturers change the revenue model for individual services from free to fee. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was performed as a two-stage research project involving a multiple case study followed by an action research project. First, a multiple case study was performed in eight firms. Data was collected through interviews and workshops with the participating firms. Second, an action research study was performed with a manufacturer working with changing the revenue model for individual services from free to fee. Findings: The current study identified a process with three stages for shifting from service for free to service for fee. The first step is turning the service from a cost center to a profit center. The second step is to create service scenarios for a service business. The third step is to implement specific strategies to break free from free service. The present research identified three specific service scenarios and four strategies to break free from free service. Originality/Value: The change of business model has been an essential step in most models for service infusion and for the transition from service for free to service for fee. The present study expands on the process on a detailed level followed by manufacturers to turn individual services from free to service for fee.
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| 3. |
- Lundmark, Martin, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Technology Forecast 2018 : Military Utility of Future Technologies
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SummaryFour technology forecast reports from the Fraunhofer Institute and two reports from the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) have been reviewed by staff at the Military Technology Division at the Swedish Defence University (SEDU). The task given by the Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) was to assess the military utility of the given technologies in a timeframe up to the year 2040, from a Swedish Armed Forces (SwAF) perspective.In the review, we assess the military utility of certain technologies as possible contributions to the operational capabilities of the SwAF, based on identified and relevant scenarios.The technologies are grouped into four classes of military utility: potentially significant, moderate, negligible or uncertain.The following technologies were assessed to have the potential for significant military utility:Rapid field identification of harmful microorganismsHypersonic propulsion The following technologies were assessed to have a potential for moderate military utility:Non-line-of-sight imagingArtificial intelligence for military decision support The following technologies were assessed to have uncertain military utility:Structural energy storageTriboelectric nanogenerators No technology was found to have negligible military utility.The method used in this technology forecast report was to assign each report to one reviewer in the working group. Firstly, each forecast report was summarized. A new methodological step this year was for each reviewer to discuss the assigned technologies with researchers from FOI. This proved to be a valuable enhancement for understanding the technologies’ present state and likely future development.The chosen definition of military utility clearly affects the result of the study. The definition used here, ‘the military utility of a certain technology is its contribution to the operational capabilities of the SwAF, within identified relevant scenarios’ has been used in our Technology Forecasts since 2013.Our evaluation of the method used shows that there is a risk that assessments can be biased by the participating experts’ presumptions and experience from their own field of research. It should also be stressed that the six technologies’ potential military utility was assessed within the specific presented scenarios and their possible contribution to operational capabilities within those specific scenarios, not in general. When additional results have been found in the analysis, this is mentioned.The greatest value of the method used is its simplicity, cost effectiveness and that it promotes learning within the working group. The composition of the working group and the methodology used are believed to provide a broad and balanced coverage of the technologies being studied. This report should be seen as an executive summary of the research reports and the intention is to help the SwAF Headquarters to evaluate the military utility of emerging technologies within identified relevant scenarios.Overall, the research reports are considered to be balanced and of high quality in terms of their level of critical analysis regarding technology development. These reports are in line with our task to evaluate the military utility of the emerging technologies.
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| 4. |
- Löfgren, Lars, 1975-
(författare)
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A Comparison of two Books on Systems of Systems
- 2014
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Ingår i: Le Libellio. - Paris. - 2268-1167. ; 10:3, s. 59-60
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this text is to carry out a comparative analysis of the general features regarding System of Systems (SoS) in the books System of Systems Engineering: Innovations for the Twenty-First Century (Jamshidi, 2009) and Systems of Systems (Luzeaux & Ruault, 2010).
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| 5. |
- Löfgren, Lars, 1975-
(författare)
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A Review of the Book Systems of Systems
- 2014
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Ingår i: Le Libellio. - Paris. - 2268-1167. ; 0:3, s. 55-57
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This review consists first of a brief description of the general features of Systems of Systems (SoS) through the book Systems of Systems by Luzeaux & Ruault (2010). The review then continues to address Chapter 4, written by Ruault (2010) on Human Factors within the context of SoS.
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| 6. |
- Löfgren, Lars, 1975-
(författare)
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Are Systems of Systems a New Reality?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Le Libellio. - Paris : AEGIS. - 2268-1167. ; 10:3, s. 47-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Löfgren, Lars, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating utility of military technology : A generic framework approach
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Modern military technology can often be complex and very expensive to develop; therefore it is imperative that the right technology is chosen in operations planning or in acquisition processes. To evaluate the military utility of a technology is a multifaceted problem that deserves attention, since the consequences of failure to do so may be severe. Aspects to consider are not only the technology itself, but also what effect it will have on tactics, who the enemy is, whether it is actually allowed to use the technology and how well it can support in achieving the objective of a military operation.The scope of this paper is to present a method that can be used for evaluation and ranking of the military utility of different technologies. The method presented in the paper is called “The process for military utility evaluation” (PMUE). It is a framework for how to do such evaluations, for example identifying important considerations and addressing the complexity of the problem of assessing military utility. PMUE is designed to be flexible enough to address different sorts of technological systems, to forecast military utility and handle what-if analyses.PMUE is a step by step evaluation of different aspects of military utility, such as technological availability, legal limitations and scenario dependency. In PMUE these aspects are assembled into one final measurement of military utility for ranking purposes only.In PMUE different methods of evaluation are used for different sub-evaluations, ranging from, for instance, actual testing and simulations to operations research and brainstorming. The reason for such an approach is due to the complexity of evaluating military utility; depending on which aspect to evaluate, certain methods lend themselves to be more or less useful. Choosing the most appropriate method for each sub-evaluation is a key to success in PMUE.It is found that PMUE could be used for the evaluation of military utility; however it must first be properly tuned. The strength with PMUE is its ability to give simple answers to very complex questions; however the result of PMUE will never be better than the worst sub-evaluation in PMUE.In order for PMUE to work knowledge, insight and willingness to unconditionally include all possible techniques and different areas of usage have to be included in the assessment. This requires extensive knowledge of the subject and understanding among the evaluators. Also it requires an open climate in the sense that no internal or external ideas, interests, prejudges that are either aware or unaware focus on or sort out concepts for other reasons than just the military utility.The ability to make unbiased and well informed decisions in acquisition processes or operations planning is essential, since both taxpayer money and even national security might be at stake. PMUE is intended as a support to be used by the decision makers when making decisions of that nature.
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| 8. |
- Löfgren, Lars, 1975-
(författare)
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Managing Mega technological projects : The case of the defence industry and Network Centric Warfare projects
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis project consists of acomparative work on three different militarymegaprojects regarding Network CentricWarfare, in three different countries: theUnited States, France and Sweden. The aim ofthe comparison is to find similarities anddifferences with respect to why, and if, theprojects failed, or are failing, and if they failed - to what extent. The objectives of the militarymegaprojects were ambitious and a great dealof the involved technology was not yetdeveloped at the time and the technicalrequirements were incongruous. For thecomparative study a narrative case studymethodology has been employed, structuringand analysing the different militarymegaprojects.The result is three different descriptions of themilitary megaprojects reproducing the internaland external dynamics of two of the threeprojects. One project, the French one, has beenreproduced up to its present stage because it isplanned to continue to the 2030s. The result ofthe comparison between the militarymegaprojects has shown that such vast projectscan be managed like normal vast developmentprojects. On the other hand, these kinds of vastprojects are comprehensively complex. Suchprojects do also involve ideas leading to projectdevelopments of already known and unknownobstacles before and during the mega projectnot possible to manage and results in projectand development failure
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| 9. |
- Löfgren, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The BUME method: a new rapid and simple chloroform-free method for total lipid extraction of animal tissue
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we present a simple and rapid method for tissue lipid extraction. Snap-frozen tissue (15-150 mg) is collected in 2 ml homogenization tubes. 500 mu l BUME mixture (butanol: methanol [3:1]) is added and automated homogenization of up to 24 frozen samples at a time in less than 60 seconds is performed, followed by a 5-minute single-phase extraction. After the addition of 500 mu l heptane: ethyl acetate (3:1) and 500 mu l 1% acetic acid a 5-minute two-phase extraction is performed. Lipids are recovered from the upper phase by automated liquid handling using a standard 96-tip robot. A second two-phase extraction is performed using 500 mu l heptane: ethyl acetate (3:1). Validation of the method showed that the extraction recoveries for the investigated lipids, which included sterols, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids were similar or better than for the Folch method. We also applied the method for lipid extraction of liver and heart and compared the lipid species profiles with profiles generated after Folch and MTBE extraction. We conclude that the BUME method is superior to the Folch method in terms of simplicity, through-put, automation, solvent consumption, economy, health and environment yet delivering lipid recoveries fully comparable to or better than the Folch method.
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| 10. |
- Löfgren, Martin, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Customer satisfaction in the first and second moments of truth
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Product & Brand Management. - Bingley, UK : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1061-0421. ; 17:7, s. 463-474
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Almost everything consumers buy in a store has a package. At point of purchase, the first moment of truth, the package functions as a silentsalesman. Once the purchase is made, the product is consumed in the second moment of truth. The purpose of this paper is to create a betterunderstanding of how customers evaluate different aspects of the package in the first and second moments of truth.Design/methodology/approach An empirical investigation is conducted on how customers experience three different packages for everydaycommodities in the first and second moments of truth. Causal modeling is used to analyze the impact of different benefits of a package onto customersatisfaction and loyalty.Findings It was found that both benefits and attributes can have different roles in affecting customer satisfaction and loyalty in different parts of theconsumption cycle. Furthermore, the results show that there are significant differences for the impacts of customer satisfaction on loyalty in the firstmoment of truth compared to the second moment of truth.Practical implications By applying a consumption system approach, it is possible for managers to design a package that can attract customers inthe first moment of truth and at the same time create customer satisfaction in the second moment of truth.Originality/value The research shows that the role of certain benefits and attributes can be different in the purchase and use situation. Previously,this has been modeled separately but by operationalizing the first and second moment of truth in the same model the true effects of various benefitsand attributes can be identified
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