| 1. |
- Andersson, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Formula feeding skews immune cell composition toward adaptive immunity compared to breastfeeding
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Immunology. - : The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.. - 0022-1767 .- 1550-6606. ; 183:7, s. 4322-4328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ontogeny of the immune system and the effect thereon by type of infant feeding is incompletely understood. We analyzed frequencies and composition of immune cells in blood of breastfed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants at 1.5, 4, and 6 mo of age. Three formulas with the same protein concentration but with varying levels of alpha-lactalbumin and caseinoglycomacropeptide were compared. Twenty-nine exclusively BF infants served as reference, and 17 infants in each formula group completed the study. Whole blood and PBMCs were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunoflow cytometry, respectively. Leukocyte count of BF infants increased with time due to increased frequency of neutrophils. Lymphocyte count was high at 1.5 mo and was unchanged over time, as were the relative proportions of CD4+ alphabetaT cells, CD8+ alphabetaT cells, B cells, NK cells, and gammadeltaT cells. Most CD45R0+CD3+ cells were HLA-DR- and hence memory cells. Compared with breastfeeding, formula feeding resulted in a significant decrease in proportion of NK cells, but a significant increase in naive CD4+ alphabetaT cells and an elevated CD4-to-CD8 ratio, that is, 3.3 in the combined FF groups compared with 2.6 in the BF group. No significant differences were found between the three groups of FF infants. In conclusion, blood cells of lymphoid lineage did not change significantly in frequencies or composition from 1.5 to 6 mo of age in BF infants. In contrast, FF infants displayed an ongoing maturation of adaptive immunity cells and a delayed recruitment of innate immunity cells as compared with BF infants.
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| 2. |
- Astrup, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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In memory of Brittmarie Sandström, 1945-2002
- 2003
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition/Næringsforskning. - : SNF Swedish Nutrition Foundation. - 1102-6480 .- 1651-2359. ; 47:1, s. 3-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Berglund, Staffan, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of iron supplementation on serum hepcidin and serum erythropoietin in low-birth-weight infants
- 2011
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : American Society for Nutrition. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 94:6, s. 1553-1561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin has not been studied in infants, who experience large physiologic changes in iron status. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study hepcidin and erythropoietin and their correlation with iron status in iron-replete and iron-deficient low-birth-weight (LBW) infants-a group at particular risk of iron deficiency (ID). DESIGN: We randomly assigned 285 otherwise healthy LBW infants to receive, from 6 wk to 6 mo of age, 3 doses of iron supplements: 0 (placebo), 1, or 2 mg/kg daily. Hepcidin, erythropoietin, hemoglobin, and variables of iron status were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum hepcidin did not change over time in the placebo group, despite a rapid decrease in serum ferritin. In iron-supplemented infants, hepcidin increased significantly, reaching a mean (±SD) concentration of 19.2 ± 2.5 ng/mL in the 2-mg/kg group compared with 13.0 ± 2.6 ng/mL in the placebo group at age 6 mo (P < 0.001). The difference was even larger between iron-deficient and iron-replete infants. Hepcidin was independently positively correlated with ferritin at all ages and was negatively correlated with the transferrin receptor concentration at age 6 wk and with transferrin at age 6 mo. Erythropoietin was initially similar between groups but decreased significantly in iron-supplemented infants. In addition to being negatively correlated with hemoglobin, it was also independently negatively correlated with indicators of iron status. CONCLUSIONS: Hepcidin is closely associated with iron status and may be a useful indicator of iron stores and ID in infants. Erythropoietin is negatively correlated with iron status, which suggests a feedback mechanism that needs further study. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00558454.
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| 4. |
- Björmsjö, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Immunological Effects of Adding Bovine Lactoferrin and Reducing Iron in Infant Formula : A Randomized Controlled Trial
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - JPGN. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 0277-2116 .- 1536-4801. ; 74:3, s. e65-e72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Compared to formula-fed infants, breastfed infants have a lower risk of infections. Two possible reasons for this are the presence of the anti-infective and anti-inflammatory protein lactoferrin and the lower level of iron in breast milk. We explored how adding bovine lactoferrin and reducing the iron concentration in infant formula affect immunology and risk of infections in healthy infants.METHODS: In a double-blind controlled trial, term formula-fed (FF) Swedish infants (n = 180) were randomized to receive, from 6 weeks to 6 months of age, a low-iron formula (2 mg/L) with added bovine lactoferrin (1.0 g/L) (Lf+; n = 72); low-iron formula with no added lactoferrin (Lf-; n = 72); and standard formula at 8 mg/L iron and no added lactoferrin (control formula [CF]; n = 36). Cytokines, infections, and infection related treatments were assessed until 12 months of age.RESULTS: No adverse effects were observed. There were no apparent effects on transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)1, TGF-β2, tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) or interleukin2 (IL-2) at 4, 6, or 12 months, except of higher TGF-β2 at 6 months in the CF group in comparison to the low iron groups combined (P = 0.033). No significant differences in otitis, respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, or other monitored infections and treatments were detected for any of the study feeding groups during the first 6 months and only a few and diverging effects were observed between 6 and 12 months.CONCLUSIONS: Adding bovine lactoferrin and reducing iron from 8 to 2 mg/L in infant formula was safe. No clinically relevant effects on cytokines or infection related morbidity were observed in this well-nourished and healthy population.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Björmsjö, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing Iron Content in Infant Formula from 8 to 2 mg/L Does Not Increase the Risk of Iron Deficiency at 4 or 6 Months of Age : A Randomized Controlled Trial
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many infant formulas are fortified with iron at 8-14 mg/L whereas breast milk contains about 0.3 mg/L. Another major difference between breast milk and infant formula is its high concentration of lactoferrin, a bioactive iron-binding protein. The aim of the present study was to investigate how reducing the iron content and adding bovine lactoferrin to infant formula affects iron status, health and development. Swedish healthy full-term formula-fed infants (n = 180) were randomized in a double-blind controlled trial. From 6 weeks to 6 months of age, 72 infants received low-iron formula (2 mg/L) fortified with bovine lactoferrin (1.0 g/L) (Lf+), 72 received low-iron formula un-fortified with lactoferrin (Lf-) and 36 received standard formula with 8 mg of iron/L and no lactoferrin fortification as controls (CF). Iron status and prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) were assessed at 4 and 6 months. All iron status indicators were unaffected by lactoferrin. At 4 and 6 months, the geometric means of ferritin for the combined low-iron groups compared to the CF-group were 67.7 vs. 88.7 and 39.5 vs. 50.9 mu g/L, respectively (p = 0.054 and p = 0.056). No significant differences were found for other iron status indicators. In the low-iron group only one infant (0.7%) at 4 months and none at 6 months developed ID. Conclusion: Iron fortification of 2 mg/L is an adequate level during the first half of infancy for healthy term infants in a well-nourished population. Adding lactoferrin does not affect iron status.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bruck, Wolfram M, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of bovine alpha-lactalbumin and casein glycomacropeptide-enriched infant formulae on faecal microbiota in healthy term infants
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - JPGN. - Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0277-2116 .- 1536-4801. ; 43:5, s. 673-679
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Certain milk factors may promote the growth of a host-friendly gastrointestinal microbiota, for example, one that is predominated by bifidobacteria, a perceived healthpromoting genus. This may explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula-fed counterparts who are believed to have a more diverse microbiota, which is similar to that of adults. The effects of formulas supplemented with 2 such ingredients from bovine milk, a-lactalbumin (alpha-lac) and casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), on gut flora were investigated in this study.Patients and Methods: Six-week-old (4-8 wk), healthy term infants were randomised to a standard infant formula or 1 of 2 test formulae enriched in alpha-Jac with higher or lower GMP until 6 months. Faecal bacteriology was determined by the culture-independent procedure fluorescence in situ hybridisation.Results: There was a large fluctuation of bacterial counts within groups with no statistically significant differences between groups. Although all groups showed a. predominance of bifidobacteria, breast-fed infants had a small temporary increase in counts. Other bacterial levels varied in formula-fed groups, which overall showed an adult-like faecal microflora.Conclusions: It can be speculated that a prebiotic effect for alpha-lac and GMP is achieved only with low starting populations of beneficial microbiota (eg, infants not initially breast-fed).
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| 9. |
- Demmelmair, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Benefits of Lactoferrin, Osteopontin and Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643. ; 9:8
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The provision of essential and non-essential amino acids for breast-fed infants is the major function of milk proteins. In addition, breast-fed infants might benefit from bioactivities of milk proteins, which are exhibited in the intestine during the digestive phase and by absorption of intact proteins or derived peptides. For lactoferrin, osteopontin and milk fat globule membrane proteins/lipids, which have not until recently been included in substantial amounts in infant formulas, in vitro experiments and animal models provide a convincing base of evidence for bioactivities, which contribute to the protection of the infant from pathogens, improve nutrient absorption, support the development of the immune system and provide components for optimal neurodevelopment. Technologies have become available to obtain these compounds from cow's milk and the bovine compounds also exhibit bioactivities in humans. Randomized clinical trials with experimental infant formulas incorporating lactoferrin, osteopontin, or milk fat globule membranes have already provided some evidence for clinical benefits. This review aims to compare findings from laboratory and animal experiments with outcomes of clinical studies. There is good justification from basic science and there are promising results from clinical studies for beneficial effects of lactoferrin, osteopontin and the milk fat globule membrane complex of proteins and lipids. Further studies should ideally be adequately powered to investigate effects on clinically relevant endpoints in healthy term infants.
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| 10. |
- Dewey, Kathryn G, et al.
(författare)
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Iron supplementation affects growth and morbidity of breast-fed infants : results of a randomized trial in Sweden and Honduras.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : The American Society for Nutritional Sciences. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 132:11, s. 3249-3255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iron supplements are often prescribed during infancy but their benefits and risks have not been well documented. We examined whether iron supplements affect growth or morbidity of breast-fed infants. Full-term infants in Sweden (n = 101) and Honduras (n = 131) were randomly assigned to three groups at 4 mo of age: 1) placebo from 4 to 9 mo; 2) placebo from 4 to 6 mo and iron supplements [1 mg/(kg. d)] from 6 to 9 mo; or 3) iron supplements from 4 to 9 mo. All infants were exclusively or nearly exclusively breast-fed to 6 mo and continued to be breast-fed to at least 9 mo. Growth was measured monthly and morbidity data were collected every 2 wk. Among the Swedish infants, gains in length and head circumference were significantly lower in those who received iron than in those given placebo from 4 to 9 mo. The same effect on length was seen in Honduras, but only at 4-6 mo among those with initial hemoglobin (Hb) > or =110 g/L. There was no significant main effect of iron supplementation on morbidity, nor any significant interaction between iron supplementation and site, but for diarrhea (with both sites combined), there was an interaction between iron supplementation and initial Hb. Among infants with Hb < 110 g/L at 4 mo, diarrhea was less common among those given iron than in those given placebo from 4-9 mo, whereas the opposite was true among those with Hb > or = 110 g/L (P < 0.05). We conclude that routine iron supplementation of breast-fed infants may benefit those with low Hb but may present risks for those with normal Hb.
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