| 1. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf-G., et al.
(författare)
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On stationarity and cointegration of international health expenditure and GDP
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 19:4, s. 461-475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines stationarity and cointegration of health expenditure and GDP, for a sample of 21 OECD countries using data for the period 1960–1997, by applying a test battery that allows robust inference to be made on the stationarity and cointegration issue. Trend stationarity and no-cointegration are tested using new country-by-country and panel tests, not previously applied in this setting. New results for country-by-country and panel tests of non-stationarity and cointegration are presented. Our unit root and trend stationarity results indicate that both health expenditure and GDP are non-stationary. The no-cointegration and cointegration results indicate that health expenditure and GDP are cointegrated.
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| 2. |
- Ghatnekar, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Direct hospital resource utilization and costs of treating patients with multiple myeloma in Southwest Sweden: a 5-year retrospective analysis.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Clinical Therapeutics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0149-2918. ; 30:9, s. 1704-1713
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Approximately 570 patients are diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) in Sweden each year. Few studies have estimated the cost of treatment for these patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the direct hospital resource utilization and costs associated with the treatment of patients with MM in southwest Sweden. METHODS: Patients aged > or =18 years who initiated first-line chemotherapy in the year 2001 at hospitals in southwestern Sweden were included in this retrospective chart review. Direct hospital-based resources and their corresponding costs (year-2006 euros) for each patient were calculated until the patient's death, or until December 31, 2005. Costs for outpatient and terminal stage care related to MM were not included. RESULTS: Ninety-four patients were included; 20 were still alive at study completion. Mean age at diagnosis was 76 years and patients were followed for a mean of 32.7 months; 55% were males and 74% had at least 1 comorbidity. First-, second-, and third-line treatment lasted a mean of 24.3, 5.8, and 2.6 months, and included 2.8, 2.6, and 3.1 chemotherapy drugs per patient, respectively. Of the 80 patients who received first-line chemotherapy, 72 were prescribed melphalan and 55 patients received a combination of melphalan and prednisone, as recommended by Swedish treatment guidelines. The mean total cost per patient was euro88,199, or euro2770 per patient-month. Therapy-induced and comorbidity-related events constituted 42% of total costs, as much as autologous stem-cell transplantation and inpatient care together. Chemotherapy, bisphosphonate, and blood cell-enhancement drugs each amounted to only 2% of total costs, but chemotherapy drugs increased from euro29/month in first-line therapy to euro453/month in third-line therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of treating Swedish patients with MM varied greatly between individuals but, overall, chemotherapy drugs constituted only a minor part of the total monthly cost (2%), whereas costs for inpatient stays and therapy-induced adverse events or comorbidity-related events accounted for 35% and42%, respectively. There was no significant differencein monthly cost between treatment lines.
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| 3. |
- Ghatnekar, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Medical Resource Utilization and Cost of HIV-Related Care in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era at a University Clinic in Sweden.
- 2010
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Ingår i: PharmacoEconomics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1179-2027 .- 1170-7690. ; 28:S1, s. 49-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Little is known regarding healthcare costs for HIV/AIDS patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and subgroups of patients according to the severity and progression of HIV infection in Sweden. The objective of this study is therefore to describe the direct medical resource use and cost of healthcare for HIV patients at a university clinic in Sweden. Methods: A patient registry database for HIV treatment at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, between 2000 and 2005 provided information on patient characteristics, antiretroviral drugs and dosages, tests and diagnostic procedures, outpatient visits and inpatient stays. The review used publicly available unit costs with a county council perspective, expressed in 2006 Euros. Results: Two hundred and eighty-five patients with a mean age of 38 years in 2000 (64% men) were followed for 1368 patient-years. They had a mean (median) of 6.3 (0) inpatient days, 4.1 (3.7) physician visits, 4.2 (3.8) nurse visits, 2.6 (0.7) counsellor visits and 11.5 (7.7) tests and diagnostic procedures per patient-year. Only 12 deaths were recorded during the study period, and the proportion of treated patients with successful treatment (HIV-RNA <50copies/mL) increased from 74% to 92% during the period. The mean cost per patient-month amounted to &U20AC;1069. The main cost driver was HIV drugs (51%), followed by inpatient stays (including hospitalizations for opportunistic infections; 22%), outpatient physician, nurse or therapist visits (19%) and diagnostics and tests (7%). All non-drug costs increased with a decreasing CD4 cell count. Conclusions: Overall, approximately half of the direct costs of HIV treatment were not related to antiretroviral treatment. The non-antiretroviral costs were inversely correlated with HIV-induced immune deficiency.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Sune, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Computationally efficient double bootstrap variance estimation
- 2000
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Ingår i: Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. - : Elsevier. - 0167-9473 .- 1872-7352. ; 33:3, s. 237-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The double bootstrap provides a useful tool for bootstrapping approximately pivotal quantities by using an "inner" bootstrap loop to estimate the variance. When the estimators are computationally intensive, the double bootstrap may become infeasible. We propose the use of a new variance estimator for the nonparametric bootstrap which effectively removes the requirement to perform the inner loop of the double bootstrap. Simulation results indicate that the proposed estimator produce bootstrap-t confidence intervals with coverage accuracy which replicates the coverage accuracy for the standard double bootstrap.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Karlsson, Sune, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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On the power and interpretation of panel unit root tests
- 2000
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 66:3, s. 249-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate that panel unit root tests can have high power when a small fraction of the series is stationary and may lack power when a large fraction is stationary. The acceptance or rejection of the null is thus not sufficient evidence to conclude that all series have a unit root or that all are stationary.
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| 9. |
- Löthgren, Mickael, et al.
(författare)
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Definition, interpretation and calculation of cost-effectiveness acceptability curves
- 2000
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Ingår i: Health economics. - : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 1099-1050 .- 1057-9230. ; 9:7, s. 623-630
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the definition, interpretation and computation of cost-effectiveness (CE) acceptability curves. A formal definition of the CE acceptability curve based on the net benefit approach is provided. The curve can be computed using parametric or non-parametric techniques and for both computational approaches we establish a formal relation between the CE acceptability curve and statistical inference based on confidence intervals and P values in CE analysis. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
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