| 1. |
- Hu, Yannan, et al.
(författare)
-
Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health in 17 European countries between 1990 and 2010
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 70:7, s. 644-652
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Between the 1990s and 2000s, relative inequalities in all-cause mortality increased, whereas absolute inequalities decreased in many European countries. Whether similar trends can be observed for inequalities in other health outcomes is unknown. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of trends in socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health (SAH) in Europe between 1990 and 2010.METHODS: Data were obtained from nationally representative surveys from 17 European countries for the various years between 1990 and 2010. The age-standardised prevalence of less-than-good SAH was analysed by education and occupation among men and women aged 30-79 years. Socioeconomic inequalities were measured by means of absolute rate differences and relative rate ratios. Meta-analysis with random-effects models was used to examine the trends of inequalities.RESULTS: We observed declining trends in the prevalence of less-than-good SAH in many countries, particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe and the Baltic states. In all countries, less-than-good SAH was more prevalent in lower educational and manual groups. For all countries together, absolute inequalities in SAH were mostly constant, whereas relative inequalities increased. Almost no country consistently experienced a significant decline in either absolute or relative inequalities.CONCLUSIONS: Trends in inequalities in SAH in Europe were generally less favourable than those found for inequalities in mortality, and there was generally no correspondence between the two when we compared the trends within countries. In order to develop policies or interventions that effectively reduce inequalities in SAH, a better understanding of the causes of these inequalities is needed.
|
|
| 2. |
- Idris, Berlian I., et al.
(författare)
-
Higher smoking prevalence in urban compared to non-urban areas: Time trends in six, European countries
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Health and Place. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2054 .- 1353-8292. ; 13:3, s. 702-712
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated differences in smoking prevalence between urban and non-urban area of residence in six Western European countries (Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Spain), and smoking prevalence trends over the period 1985-2000. In most countries, smoking prevalence was highest in urban areas, and increased with urbanization. Urban/non-urban inequalities were most pronounced among individuals with low education levels, and also among females. There were no significant differences in annual rate of change in smoking prevalence between non-urban and urban areas. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 3. |
- Virtanen, Jorma, et al.
(författare)
-
Childrens Use of Dentist Services in Four Nordic Countries
- 2006
-
Ingår i: COMMUNITY DENTAL HEALTH. - 0265-539X. ; 23, s. 171-172
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An increase in the use of services offered for children by general practitioners has taken place since the 1980s in the Nordic countries. Aim: To compare differences in childrens use of dental services in four Nordic countries between the 1980s and the 1990s and to analyse trends during the period. Methods: The participants were 12,000 children aged 2-17 years in Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Cross-sectional population surveys using random samples comprising 3000 children were conducted in 1984 and 1996. Time trends in the use of dental services were studied in each country by age, gender, parents highest level of education, and living area. The main outcome was dental services utilization that was based on the responses to a questionnaire item asking whether the parents had consulted a dentist / a dental nurse with regard to their childrens oral health during the previous three months. Results: The percentage of children who had used dental services varied from 50% in 1984 in Norway to 38% in 1996 in Sweden. A clear time trend towards decreasing utilization of dental services (p<0.05) was found in all countries except in Finland where utilization of dental services increased significantly (p<0.05) between 1984 and 1996. Odds ratios for time trends (1984=1.00) varied from 0.66 (95% CI 0.58-0.75) in Sweden to 0.71 (0.62-0.81) in Iceland. The corresponding figures in Finland were 1.32 (1.16-1.48). In Finland and Norway, children in families with lower a education used more dental services than those in families with higher education. Conclusions: Between the 1980s and the 1990s childrens use of dental services has decreased significantly in the four Nordic countries. Increased use of individual recall intervals in oral health care might partly explain this finding.
|
|
| 4. |
- Virtanen, Jorma, et al.
(författare)
-
Childrens use of general practitioner services in the five Nordic countries
- 2006
-
Ingår i: JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH. - 1470-2738. ; 60:2, s. 162-167
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and living area differences in children's use of GP services in five Nordic countries from the 1980s to the 1990s and to analyse trends during the period. DESIGN: Cross sectional population surveys using random samples comprising 3000 children aged 2-17 years were conducted in 1984 and 1996 in five Nordic countries. Time trends in use of GP services were studied in each country by age, sex, parents' highest level of education, and living area. SETTING: Five Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden in 1984 and 1996. PARTICIPANTS: A total sample of 15 000 children aged 2-17 years. Altogether 3000 children were selected at random from the national population registers of the national bureaus of statistics in each country. MAIN OUTCOME: Health services utilisation on the basis of responses to a questionnaire item asking whether the parents had consulted a GP with regard to their children's health during the previous three months. MAIN RESULTS: The prevalence of children's utilisation of GP services varied from 14% in 1984 in Sweden to 28% in 1996 in Iceland. A clear time trend towards increasing utilisation of GP services (p<0.05) was found in all countries except in Denmark. Odds ratios for time trends (1984 = 1.00) varied from 1.22 (1.02 to 1.46) in Sweden to 1.92 (1.62 to 2.30) in Norway. After adjusting for independent variables, a statistically borderline significant declining utilisation trend (OR = 0.85 (0.70 to 1.03)) was found for Denmark. CONCLUSION: Children's use of GP services has increased significantly in four of the five Nordic countries.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Virtanen, Marianna, et al.
(författare)
-
Long working hours and depressive symptoms : systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 44:3, s. 239-250
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies. Results We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1-5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I 2=45.1%, P=0.004). A moderate association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70-1.34) or Australia (0.95, 95% CI 0.70-1.29). Differences by other characteristics were small. Conclusions This observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.
|
|
