| 1. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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A Fair Share : Burden-Sharing Preferences in the United States and China
- 2010
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Using a choice experiment, we investigated preferences for distributing the economic burden of decreasing CO2 emissions in the two largest CO2-emitting countries: the United States and China. We asked respondents about their preferences for four burden-sharing rules to reduce CO2 emissions according to their country’s 1) historical emissions, 2) income level, 3) equal right to emit per person, and 4) current emissions. We found that U.S. respondents preferred the rule based on current emissions, while the equal right to emit rule was clearly least preferred. The Chinese respondents, on the other hand, preferred the historical rule, while the current emissions rule was the least preferred. Respondents overall favored the rule that was least costly for their country. These marked differences may explain the difficulties countries face in agreeing how to share costs, presenting a tough hurdle to overcome in future negotiations. We also found that the strength of the preferences was much stronger in China, suggesting that how mitigation costs are shared across countries is more important there.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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A fair share: Burden-sharing preferences in the United States and China
- 2013
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In: Resource and Energy Economics. - 0928-7655. ; 35:1, s. 1-17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using a sequential discrete choice experiment, we investigate preferences for distributing the economic burden of reducing CO2 emissions in the two largest CO2-emitting countries: the United States and China. We asked respondents about their preferences for four burden-sharing rules to reduce CO2 emissions according to their country's relative (1) historical emissions, (2) income level, (3) emissions per capita, and (4) current emissions. We found that respondents overall favored the rule that was least costly for their country. In addition, the willingness to pay was much higher in China, suggesting that how mitigation costs are shared across countries is more important for Chinese than for Americans. To some extent the willingness to pay varies with socioeconomic characteristics and attitudes. For example, university-educated respondents in the United States are willing to pay more for the rule that is the least costly for their own country, compared with those with a lower education level. At the same time, the ranking of the two most preferred rules are generally robust across all socioeconomic groups within each country.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Antibiotic prescription: Knowledge among physicians and nurses in western Sweden
- 2023
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In: Health Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8510. ; 130
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Misuse and overuse of antibiotics are common in primary care. Guidelines for prescribing of antibiotics are often not followed We conducted a survey of 120 health centers in western Sweden to investigate to what extent physicians and nurses think they know and comply with the guidelines for prescribing of antibiotics. A large majority of the respondents answered that they know the guidelines well. However, many also believed that physicians/nurses in general know less about and are worse at following the guidelines than themselves, indi-cating optimism bias. According to the respondents the main reason for non-compliance with guidelines was patient expectations. The survey also showed that both physicians' and nurses' actual knowledge of when it is effective to prescribe antibiotics is incomplete. Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic therapy in primary care should target the failing congruence between the perceived knowledge of guidelines for antibiotic therapy and actual knowledge.
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Are only-children different? Evidence from a lab-in-the-field experiment of the Chinese one-child policy
- 2022
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In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 17:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we present evidence from a lab-in-the-field experiment of the effects of the Chinese one-child policy on adults in China who were born just before and after the introduction of the policy. We measure risk, uncertainty, and time preferences, as well as subjects' preferences in the social domain, i.e., concerning competitiveness, cooperation, and bargaining. We sampled people from three Chinese provinces born both before and after the introduction of the policy in 1979. We utilize the fact that the one-child policy was introduced at different times and with different degrees of strictness in different provinces. Overall, we find a statistically significant effect only on risk and uncertainty aversion and not on any other preferences in the experiments: Those born after the introduction of the one-child policy are less risk and uncertainty averse. These results hold for various robustness checks and heterogeneity tests. Hence, our results do not confirm the general wisdom and stereotype of only-children in China being "little emperors."Copyright:
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Demand effects in stated preference surveys
- 2018
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In: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 90, s. 294-302
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2018 Elsevier Inc. We argue that demand effects in stated preference studies are understudied. By demand effects, we mean anything in the survey that unintentionally influences respondents’ beliefs about appropriate behavior, which in turn might affect their responses in the survey. We implement two methods for measuring and implicitly reducing the influence of demand effects. The first approach—random selection of good to be valued—does not have any effect on respondent behavior. The second approach—a demand script and a control question with feedback—has a sizable and statistically significant effect on respondent behavior. In particular, estimated marginal willingness to pay for improvements in water quality are substantially (around 50 percent) lower than a control treatment; we attribute this decrease to a reduced demand effect. Our results suggest that stated preference methods tend to lead to biased willingness-to-pay estimates due to demand effects, but that the bias can be reduced using simple measures.
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, et al.
(author)
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Det ekonomiska värdet av vattenkvalitetsförbättringar : Vad tycker svenska hushåll?
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I denna rapport redovisas resultatet av en enkätundersökning om de svenska hushållens betalningsvilja för en förbättrad vattenkvalitet i sjöar, vattendrag och kustvatten. Drygt 2000 personer i sex län svarade på enkäten.Resultaten visar betalningsviljan för att förbättra vattenkvaliteten i det egna länet respektive i Sverige i övrigt. Vattenkvaliteten beskrevs i tre nivåer: låg-, medel- och hög vattenkvalitet.Respondenterna fick svara på hur mycket de var villiga att betala för att minska andelen vatten med låg kvalitet, respektive öka andelen vatten med hög kvalitet.Forskarna har utifrån resultaten i enkätstudien tagit fram en genomsnittlig betalningsvilja som kan användas för uppskattningar av värdet av en förbättrad vattenkvalitet i samtliga län i Sverige. I den uppskattade betalningsviljan inkluderas inte värdet av vatten som dricksvattenresurs.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Do EPA administrators recommend environmental policies that citizens want?
- 2008
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We investigate whether Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator preferences regarding improvements in environmental quality differ from citizen preferences. The scope and significance of the possible difference are assessed by conducting identical choice experiments (CE) on a random sample of Swedish citizens and a random sample of administrators working at the Swedish EPA. The experiment concerns two environmental quality objectives: a Balanced Marine Environment and Clean Air. The EPA administrators were asked to choose the alternatives they would recommend as a policy, while the citizens were asked to act as private persons. We find that the rankings of attributes differ between the two groups, and that there are significant differences in the willingness to pay (WTP) for particular attributes. EPA administrators have a higher WTP for five out of the seven attributes, and in some cases the difference is not only significant but also substantial. We also asked the administrators to motivate their CE choices, and the main motive was ecological sustainability.
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| 10. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Doing good with other people’s money: A charitable giving experiment with students in environmental sciences and economics
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We augment a standard dictator game to investigate how preferences for an environmental project relate to willingness to limit others’ choices. We explore this issue by distinguishing three student groups: economists, environmental economists, and environmental social scientists. We find that people are generally disposed to grant freedom of choice, but only within certain limits. In addition, our results are in line with the widely held belief that economists are more selfish than other people. Yet, against the notion of consumer sovereignty, economists are not less likely to restrict others’ choices and impose restrictions closer to their own preferences than the other student groups.
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