| 1. |
- Adman, Per, et al.
(författare)
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171 forskare: ”Vi vuxna bör också klimatprotestera”
- 2019
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Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - Stockholm. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DN DEBATT 26/9. Vuxna bör följa uppmaningen från ungdomarna i Fridays for future-rörelsen och protestera eftersom det politiska ledarskapet är otillräckligt. Omfattande och långvariga påtryckningar från hela samhället behövs för att få de politiskt ansvariga att utöva det ledarskap som klimatkrisen kräver, skriver 171 forskare i samhällsvetenskap och humaniora.
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| 2. |
- Fredriksson, Ingemar, 1980-
(författare)
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Quantitative Laser Doppler Flowmetry
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is virtually the only non-invasive technique, except for other laser speckle based techniques, that enables estimation of the microcirculatory blood flow. The technique was introduced into the field of biomedical engineering in the 1970s, and a rapid evolvement followed during the 1980s with fiber based systems and improved signal analysis. The first imaging systems were presented in the beginning of the 1990s.Conventional LDF, although unique in many aspects and elegant as a method, is accompanied by a number of limitations that may have reduced the clinical impact of the technique. The analysis model published by Bonner and Nossal in 1981, which is the basis for conventional LDF, is limited to measurements given in arbitrary and relative units, unknown and non-constant measurement volume, non-linearities at increased blood tissue fractions, and a relative average velocity estimate.In this thesis a new LDF analysis method, quantitative LDF, is presented. The method is based on recent models for light-tissue interaction, comprising the current knowledge of tissue structure and optical properties, making it fundamentally different from the Bonner and Nossal model. Furthermore and most importantly, the method eliminates or highly reduces the limitations mentioned above.Central to quantitative LDF is Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of light transport in tissue models, including multiple Doppler shifts by red blood cells (RBC). MC was used in the first proof-of-concept study where the principles of the quantitative LDF were tested using plastic flow phantoms. An optically and physiologically relevant skin model suitable for MC was then developed. MC simulations of that model as well as of homogeneous tissue relevant models were used to evaluate the measurement depth and volume of conventional LDF systems. Moreover, a variance reduction technique enabling the reduction of simulation times in orders of magnitudes for imaging based MC setups was presented.The principle of the quantitative LDF method is to solve the reverse engineering problem of matching measured and calculated Doppler power spectra at two different source-detector separations. The forward problem of calculating the Doppler power spectra from a model is solved by mixing optical Doppler spectra, based on the scattering phase functions and the velocity distribution of the RBC, from various layers in the model and for various amounts of Doppler shifts. The Doppler shift distribution is calculated based on the scattering coefficient of the RBC:s and the path length distribution of the photons in the model, where the latter is given from a few basal MC simulations.When a proper spectral matching is found, via iterative model parameters updates, the absolute measurement data are given directly from the model. The concentration is given in g RBC/100 g tissue, velocities in mm/s, and perfusion in g RBC/100 g tissue × mm/s. The RBC perfusion is separated into three velocity regions, below 1 mm/s, between 1 and 10 mm/s, and above 10 mm/s. Furthermore, the measures are given for a constant output volume of a 3 mm3 half sphere, i.e. within 1.13 mm from the light emitting fiber of the measurement probe.The quantitative LDF method was used in a study on microcirculatory changes in type 2 diabetes. It was concluded that the perfusion response to a local increase in skin temperature, a response that is reduced in diabetes, is a process involving only intermediate and high flow velocities and thus relatively large vessels in the microcirculation. The increased flow in higher velocities was expected, but could not previously be demonstrated with conventional LDF. The lack of increase in low velocity flow indicates a normal metabolic demand during heating. Furthermore, a correlation between the perfusion at low and intermediate flow velocities and diabetes duration was found. Interestingly, these correlations were opposites (negative for the low velocity region and positive for the mediate velocity region). This finding is well in line with the increased shunt flow and reduced nutritive capillary flow that has previously been observed in diabetes.
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| 3. |
- Karlsson, Marcus, 1988-
(författare)
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Aspects of Massive MIMO
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Next generation cellular wireless technology faces tough demands: increasing the throughput and reliability without consuming more resources, be it spectrum or energy. Massive mimo (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) has proven, both in theory and practice, that it is up for the challenge. Massive mimo can offer uniformly good service to many users using low-end hardware, simultaneously, without increasing the radiated power compared to contemporary system. In Massive mimo, the base stations are equipped with hundreds of antennas. This abundance of antennas brings many new, interesting aspects compared to single-user mimo and multi-user mimo. Some issues of older technologies are nonexistent in massive mimo, while new issues in need of solutions arise. This thesis considers two aspects, and how these aspects differ in a massive mimo context: physical layer security and transmission of system information. First, it is shown that a jammer with a large number of antennas can outperform a traditional, single-antenna jammer in degrading the legitimate link. The excess of antennas gives the jammer opportunity to find and exploit structure in signals to improve its jamming capability. Second, for transmission of system information, the vast number of antennas prove useful even when the base station does not have any channel state information, because of the increased availability of space-time coding. We show how transmission without channel state information can be done in massive mimo by using a fixed precoding matrix to reduce the pilot overhead and simultaneously apply space-time block coding to use the excess of antennas for spatial diversity.
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| 4. |
- Lindbergh, Tobias
(författare)
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Quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy : myocardial oxygen transport from vessel to mitochondria
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the field of biomedical optics, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a frequently used technique for obtaining information about the optical properties of the medium under investigation. The method utilizes spectral difference between incident and backscattered light intensity for quantifying the underlying absorption and scattering processes that affects the light-medium interaction.In this thesis, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) measurements have been combined with an empirical photon migration model in order to quantify myocardial tissue chromophore content and status. The term qDRS (quantitative DRS) is introduced in the thesis to emphasize the ability of absolute quantification of tissue chromophore content. To enable this, the photon migration models have been calibrated using liquid optical phantoms. Methods for phantom characterization in terms of scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, and phase function determination are also presented and evaluated. In-vivo qDRS measurements were performed on both human subjects undergoing routine coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and on bovine heart during open-chest surgery involving hemodynamic and respiratory provocations. The application of a hand-held fiber-optic surface probe (human subjects) proved the clinical applicability of the technique as the results were in agreement with other studies. However, problems with non-physiological variations in detected intensity due to intermittent probe-tissue discontact were observed. Also, systematic deviations between modeled and measured spectra were found. By model inclusion of additional chromophores revealing the mitochondrial oxygen uptake ability, an improved model fit to measured data was achieved. Measurements performed with an intramuscular probe (animal subjects) diminished the influence of probe-tissue discontact on the detected intensity. It was demonstrated that qDRS could quantify variations in myocardial oxygenation induced by physiological provocations, and that absolute quantification of tissue chromophore content could be obtained.The suggested qDRS method has the potential of becoming a valuable tool in clinical practice, as it has the unique ability of monitoring both the coronary vessel oxygen delivery and the myocardial mitochondrial oxygen uptake ability. This makes qDRS suitable for directly measuring the result of different therapies, which can lead to a paradigm shift in the monitoring during cardiac anesthesia.
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