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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 3. |
- Ebefors, Kerstin, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling the Glomerular Filtration Barrier and Intercellular Crosstalk
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-042X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The glomerulus is a compact cluster of capillaries responsible for blood filtration and initiating urine production in the renal nephrons. A trilaminar structure in the capillary wall forms the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), composed of glycocalyx-enriched and fenestrated endothelial cells adhering to the glomerular basement membrane and specialized visceral epithelial cells, podocytes, forming the outermost layer with a molecular slit diaphragm between their interdigitating foot processes. The unique dynamic and selective nature of blood filtration to produce urine requires the functionality of each of the GFB components, and hence, mimicking the glomerular filter in vitro has been challenging, though critical for various research applications and drug screening. Research efforts in the past few years have transformed our understanding of the structure and multifaceted roles of the cells and their intricate crosstalk in development and disease pathogenesis. In this review, we present a new wave of technologies that include glomerulus-on-a-chip, three-dimensional microfluidic models, and organoids all promising to improve our understanding of glomerular biology and to enable the development of GFB-targeted therapies. Here, we also outline the challenges and the opportunities of these emerging biomimetic systems that aim to recapitulate the complex glomerular filter, and the evolving perspectives on the sophisticated repertoire of cellular signaling that comprise the glomerular milieu.
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| 6. |
- Klimov, A. B., et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the Polarization of a Quantum Field from Stokes Fluctuations
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 105:15, s. 153602-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose an operational degree of polarization in terms of the variance of the Stokes vector minimized over all the directions of the Poincare sphere. We examine the properties of this second-order definition and carry out its experimental determination. Quantum states with the same standard (first-order) degree of polarization are correctly discriminated by this new measure. We argue that a comprehensive quantum characterization of polarization properties requires a whole hierarchy of higher-order degrees.
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| 7. |
- Knudsen, A. W., et al.
(författare)
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Nutrition impact symptoms, handgrip strength and nutritional risk in hospitalized patients with gastroenterological and liver diseases
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5521 .- 1502-7708. ; 50:10, s. 1191-1198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. Malnutrition is common among patients with diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Nutritional intake may be negatively affected by nutrition impact symptoms (NIS). Therefore, the aims were to assess: 1) the prevalence of NIS in this group of patients and 2) the relationship between NIS and nutritional status as well as nutritional risk. Material and methods. We performed a cross-sectional study among patients with liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer or pancreatitis. Nutritional risk was assessed by the NRS-2002. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and handgrip strength (HGS), which were both measured within 5 days after admission. NIS were assessed by the Eating Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ) and the Disease-Related Appetite Questionnaire (DRAQ). Results. In total, 126 patients were included (women 39%) with a mean BMI of 24 +/- 5 kg/m(2). The prevalence of low HGS was 38%, and the prevalence of those at nutritional risk was 58%. The number of NIS reported by 50% of the patients were 4 or more in the ESQ and 5 or more in the DRAQ. Patients who were both at nutritional risk and had a low HGS more frequently reported difficulties swallowing, poor appetite, feeling full after having one-fourth of the meal and food tasting bad. Conclusions. NIS that preclude food intake are very frequent among patients with diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Specific NIS are associated with low HGS, weight loss and being at nutritional risk.
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| 10. |
- Malmsten, M, et al.
(författare)
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Adsorption of complement proteins C3 and C1q
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - 0021-9797 .- 1095-7103. ; 178, s. 123-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surface localization plays a key but ill defined role in activation of the Serum Complement System with or without related "opsonic" proteins. The adsorption of key complement components C3 and C1q and various opsonins, e. g., IgG, were therefore studied on different surfaces using in situ ellipsometry. The affinities of C3 and C1q for silica, methylated silica, and various phospholipid surfaces were shown to be largely reciprocal. While C3 adsorbed more extensively at (hydrophilic and negatively charged) silica than at (hydrophobic) methylated silica (3.1 versus 0.4 mg/m2, respectively) the opposite trend was observed for C1q (1.9 versus 2.6 mg/m2). C3 and C1q adsorbed in 10 to 15 nm thick layers on both silica and methylated silica. Each protein appeared to adsorb with consistent conformation and orientation on either surface. Adsorbed layer formation involves increased protein packing density, and molecular extension normal to the surface. Phospholipid head group properties strongly affect the adsorption of C3 and C1q at phospholipid coated surfaces. The saturation adsorption of C3 at phosphatidic acid was almost as significant as at silica, whereas the amount adsorbed at phosphatidylcholine was three times lower. C3 adsorption at phosphatidylinositol and various poly(ethylene glycol) modified surfaces was virtually absent, as was the adsorption of various opsonins. C1q adsorption was relatively low at all phospholipid and poly(ethylene glycol) coated surfaces investigated, more in the manner of IgG than C3. Preadsorption of IgG increased C1q deposition at phospholipid surfaces strongly. C3 and human serum albumin, but not C1q, showed appreciable hydrophobic affinity for a poly(ethylene glycol)-fatty acid ester of oleic acid. These results are discussed in relation to complement interaction with various surfaces and colloidal drug carriers.
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