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- Laven, Daniel, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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From Partnerships to Networks : New Approaches for Measuring U.S. National Heritage Area Effectiveness
- 2010
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Ingår i: Evaluation review. - 0193-841X .- 1552-3926. ; 34:4, s. 271-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- National Heritage Areas (NHAs) are an alternative and increasingly popularform of protected area management in the United States. NHAs seek tointegrate environmental objectives with community and economicobjectives at regional or landscape scales. NHA designations have increasedrapidly in the last 20 years, generating a substantial need for evaluativeinformation about (a) how NHAs work; (b) outcomes associated with theNHA process; and (c) the costs and benefits of investing public moneys intothe NHA approach. Qualitative evaluation studies recently conducted at three NHAs have identified the importance of understanding networkstructure and function in the context of evaluating NHA managementeffectiveness. This article extends these case studies by examiningquantitative network data from each of the sites. The authors analyze thesedata using both a descriptive approach and a statistically more robustapproach known as exponential random graph modeling. Study findingsindicate the presence of transitive structures and the absence of three-cyclestructures in each of these networks. This suggests that these networks arerelatively ‘‘open,’’ which may be desirable, given the uncertainty of the environments in which they operate. These findings also suggest, at least at the sitesreported here, that the NHA approach may be an effective way to activate anddevelop networks of intersectoral organizational partners. Finally, this studydemonstrates the utility of using quantitative network analysis to better understand the effectiveness of protected area management models that rely onpartnership networks to achieve their intended outcomes.
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- Manning, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Defining, Measuring, Monitoring, and Managing the Sustainability of Parks for Outdoor Recreation
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. - 0735-1968 .- 2160-6862. ; 29:3, s. 24-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainability of parks for outdoor recreation is a long-standing and increasingly urgent issue. Sustainability is an intuitively appealing concept, but it is often seen as so broad that it can be daunting to define and manage in an operational way. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that management-by-objectives frameworks used in contemporary park and outdoor recreation management can be useful in defining, measuring, monitoring, and managing the sustainability of parks for outdoor recreation. The paper presents and describes a generalizable management-by-objectives framework that can be used for this purpose. This framework requires 1) formulating indicators and standards, 2) monitoring indicators, and 3) managing to ensure that standards are maintained. This approach is informed by principles derived from the broad environmental and sustainability literature, including carrying capacity, common property resources, ecosystem management, adaptive management, environmental justice, and ecotourism. Defining, measuring, monitoring, and managing sustainability can be supported by a program of natural and social science research, and this paper offers examples of how research can support formulation of indicators and standards, monitoring and management. Given advances in addressing the sustainability of parks for outdoor recreation—a set of environmental concepts and principles to draw on, an associated management-by-objectives framework, a growing set of research approaches, an array of management practices, and a number of hopeful case studies—application of sustainability to parks and outdoor recreation should move ahead more deliberately.
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| 8. |
- De Jong, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Gastronomy Tourism : An Interdisciplinary Literature Review of Research Areas, Disciplines, and Dynamics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Gastronomy and Tourism. - 2169-2971 .- 2169-298X. ; 3:2, s. 131-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Residing with the exponential growth of gastronomy tourism research, a number of review articles have examined the relationship of gastronomy and tourism from distinct thematic and disciplinary perspectives. What remains absent is a comprehensive overview that encapsulates the interdisciplinary dimensions of this area of research. In response, this study comprehensively investigates gastronomy tourism literature utilizing a network and content analysis, with an aim to map the main subject areas concerned with gastronomy tourism and relations between varying subject areas. In doing so, themes determining gastronomy tourism and focus for future exploration are identified. The review findings suggest that the trajectory of gastronomy tourism research is characterized by the dominance of "tourism, leisure, and hospitality management" and "geography, planning, and development." Three recommendations are proposed to assist development of gastronomy tourism research: increased dialogue across subject areas, development of critical and theoretical approaches, and greater engagement with sustainability debates.
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| 10. |
- Gathen, Constanze, et al.
(författare)
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Esplorare La Prospettiva Del “City Branding” Nel Unesco Creative Cities Network : Il Caso Di Studio Del Sottogruppo Della Gastronomia
- 2020
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Ingår i: LaborEst. - : Università Mediterranea Reggio Calabria LaborEst - Laboratorio di Estimo e Valutazioni Economiche-Estimative. - 2421-3187. ; :20, s. 16-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing number of cities have joined creative city networks in the last decade. Through such networks, cities are attempting to transform their creative sectors and become more attractive in terms of tourism and skilled labour. This study investigated the UNESCO Creative City Network (UCCN), and more specifically, its sub-category of gastronomy. The study was of an exploratory character and aimed at contributing to research on city branding from a UCCN perspective. The methodological approach was qualitative and included interviews along with document reviews of official materials (e.g., websites) from member cities. Study results point towards several branding related benefits from UCCN membership such as (i) greater recognition, (ii) increased tourism, (iii) new investment along with the establishment of more creative businesses. Study participants also reported negative consequences such as increased levels of administration and bureaucracy associated with UCCN participation.
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