| 1. |
- Gutic, Sanjin J., et al.
(författare)
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Improved catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solutions through the electrochemical formation of nickel-reduced graphene oxide interface
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 19:20, s. 13281-13293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- H-2 production via water electrolysis plays an important role in hydrogen economy. Hence, novel cheap electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction ( HER) are constantly needed. Here, we describe a simple method for the preparation of composite catalysts for H-2 evolution, consisting in simultaneous reduction of the graphene oxide film, and electrochemical deposition of Ni on its surface. The obtained composites (Ni@rGO), compared to pure electrodeposited Ni, show an improved electrocatalytic activity towards HER in alkaline media. We found that the activity of the Ni@rGO catalysts depends on the surface composition ( Ni vs. C mole ratio) and on the level of structural disorder of the rGO support. We suggest that HER activity is improved via H-ads spillover from the Ni particles to the rGO support, where quick recombination to molecular hydrogen is favored. A deeper insight into such a mechanism of H-2 production was achieved by kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations. These simulations enabled the reproduction of experimentally observed trends under the assumption that the support can act as a Hads acceptor. We expect that the proposed procedure for the production of novel HER catalysts could be generalized and lead to the development of a new generation of HER catalysts by tailoring the catalyst/support interface.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Huang, C, et al.
(författare)
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The inhomogeneous structure of water at ambient conditions
- 2009
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 106:36, s. 15214-15218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is used to demonstrate the presence of density fluctuations in ambient water on a physical length-scale of approximate to 1 nm; this is retained with decreasing temperature while the magnitude is enhanced. In contrast, the magnitude of fluctuations in a normal liquid, such as CCl4, exhibits no enhancement with decreasing temperature, as is also the case for water from molecular dynamics simulations under ambient conditions. Based on X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray Raman scattering data we propose that the density difference contrast in SAXS is due to fluctuations between tetrahedral-like and hydrogen-bond distorted structures related to, respectively, low and high density water. We combine our experimental observations to propose a model of water as a temperature-dependent, fluctuating equilibrium between the two types of local structures driven by incommensurate requirements for minimizing enthalpy (strong near-tetrahedral hydrogen-bonds) and maximizing entropy (non-directional H-bonds and disorder). The present results provide experimental evidence that the extreme differences anticipated in the hydrogen-bonding environment in the deeply supercooled regime surprisingly remain in bulk water even at conditions ranging from ambient up to close to the boiling point.
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| 4. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Are Recent Water Models Obtained by Fitting Diffraction Data Consistent with IR/Raman and X-ray Absorption Spectra?
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 125, s. 244510-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X-ray absorption (XA) spectra have been computed based on water structures obtained from a recent fit to x-ray and neutron diffraction data using models ranging from symmetrical to asymmetrical local coordination of the water molecules [A. K. Soper, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17, S3273 (2005)]. It is found that both the obtained symmetric and asymmetric structural models of water give similar looking XA spectra, which do not match the experiment. The fitted models both contain unphysical structures that are allowed by the diffraction data, where, e.g., hydrogen-hydrogen interactions may occur. A modification to the asymmetric model, in which the non-hydrogen-bonded OH intramolecular distance is allowed to become shorter while the bonded OH distance becomes longer, improves the situation somewhat, but the overall agreement is still unsatisfactory. The electric field (E-field) distributions and infrared (IR) spectra are also calculated using two established theoretical approaches, which, however, show significant discrepancies in their predictions for the asymmetric structural models. Both approaches predict the Raman spectrum of the symmetric model fitted to the diffraction data to be significantly blueshifted compared to experiment. At the moment no water model exists that can equally well describe IR/Raman, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and diffraction data. ©2006 American Institute of Physics
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| 5. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Diffraction and IR/Raman Data do not Prove Tetrahedral Water
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 129:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the reverse Monte Carlo modeling technique to fit two extreme structure models for water to available x-ray and neutron diffraction data in q space as well as to the electric field distribution as a representation of the OH stretch Raman spectrum of dilue HOD in D2O; the internal geometries were fitted to a quantum distribution. Forcing the fit to maximize the number of hydrogen (H) bonds results in a tetrahedral model with 74% double H-bond donors (DD) and 21% single donors (SD). Maximizing instead the number of SD species gives 81% SD and 18% DD, while still reproducing the experimental data and losing only 0.7–1.8 kJ/mole interaction energy. By decomposing the simulated Raman spectrum we can relate the models to the observed ultrafast frequency shifts in recent pump-probe measurements. Within the tetrahedral DD structure model the assumed connection between spectrum position and H-bonding indicates ultrafast dynamics in terms of breaking and reforming H bonds while in the strongly distorted model the observed frequency shifts do not necessarily imply H-bond changes. Both pictures are equally valid based on present diffraction and vibrational experimental data. There is thus no strict proof of tetrahedral water based on these data. We also note that the tetrahedral structure model must, to fit diffraction data, be less structured than most models obtained from molecular dynamics simulations.
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| 6. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetic Monte Carlo modelling of ion diffusion. Example : Ceria
- 2013
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Ingår i: EFC 2013 - Proceedings of the 5th European Fuel Cell Piero Lunghi Conference. ; , s. 53-54
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development of theoretical tools allowing us to study diffusion in solids at different scales is important for rational materials design. One of the effective approaches is a combination of Kinetic Monte Carlo technique with first principle electronic structure calculations. The KMClib program developed by us is a robust and flexible tool for studying diffusion, in particular, in ionconducting materials. The code has unique features such as on-thefly custom rate calculations, simulation of electrical bias and possibilities for on-the-fly analysis. It can be used in conjunction with ab initio calculations or just providing it with rates estimated from experiment or obtained in any other way. As an example of the code performance we present a simulation of oxygen diffusion in ceria.
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| 7. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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KMCLib : A general framework for lattice kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Computer Physics Communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-4655 .- 1879-2944. ; 185:9, s. 2340-2349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- KMCLib is a general framework for lattice kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations. The program can handle simulations of the diffusion and reaction of millions of particles in one, two, or three dimensions, and is designed to be easily extended and customized by the user to allow for the development of complex custom KMC models for specific systems without having to modify the core functionality of the program. Analysis modules and on-the-fly elementary step diffusion rate calculations can be implemented as plugins following a well-defined API. The plugin modules are loosely coupled to the core KMCLib program via the Python scripting language. KMCLib is written as a Python module with a backend C++ library. After initial compilation of the backend library KMCLib is used as a Python module; input to the program is given as a Python script executed using a standard Python interpreter. We give a detailed description of the features and implementation of the code and demonstrate its scaling behavior and parallel performance with a simple one-dimensional A-B-C lattice KMC model and a more complex three-dimensional lattice KMC model of oxygen-vacancy diffusion in a fluorite structured metal oxide. KMCLib can keep track of individual particle movements and includes tools for mean square displacement analysis, and is therefore particularly well suited for studying diffusion processes at surfaces and in solids. Program summary Program title: KMCLib Catalogue identifier: AESZ_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AESZ_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License, version 3 No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 49 064 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1 575 172 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Python and C++. Computer: Any computer that can run a C++ compiler and a Python interpreter. Operating system: Tested on Ubuntu 12.4 LTS, CentOS release 5.9, Mac OSX 10.5.8 and Mac OSX 10.8.2, but should run on any system that can have a C++ compiler, MPI and a Python interpreter. Has the code been vectorized or parallelized?: Yes. From one to hundreds of processors depending on the type of input and simulation. RAM: From a few megabytes to several gigabytes depending on input parameters and the size of the system to simulate. Classification: 4.13, 16.13. External routines: KMCLib uses an external Mersenne Twister pseudo random number generator that is included in the code. A Python 2.7 interpreter and a standard C++ runtime library are needed to run the serial version of the code. For running the parallel version an MPI implementation is needed, such as e.g. MPICH from http://www.mpich.org or Open-MPI from http://www.open-mpi.org. SWIG (obtainable from http://www.swig.org/) and CMake (obtainable from http://www.cmake.org/) are needed for building the backend module, Sphinx (obtainable from http://sphinx-doc.org) for building the documentation and CPPUNIT (obtainable from http://sourceforge.net/projects/cppunit/) for building the C++ unit tests. Nature of problem: Atomic scale simulation of slowly evolving dynamics is a great challenge in many areas of computational materials science and catalysis. When the rare-events dynamics of interest is orders of magnitude slower than the typical atomic vibrational frequencies a straight-forward propagation of the equations of motions for the particles in the simulation cannot reach time scales of relevance for modeling the slow dynamics. Solution method: KMCLib provides an implementation of the kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method that solves the slow dynamics problem by utilizing the separation of time scales between fast vibrational motion and the slowly evolving rare-events dynamics. Only the latter is treated explicitly and the system is simulated as jumping between fully equilibrated local energy minima on the slow-dynamics potential energy surface. Restrictions: KMCLib implements the lattice KMC method and is as such restricted to geometries that can be expressed on a grid in space. Unusual features: KMCLib has been designed to be easily customized, to allow for user-defined functionality and integration with other codes. The user can define her own on-the-fly rate calculator via a Python API, so that site-specific elementary process rates, or rates depending on long-range interactions or complex geometrical features can easily be included. KMCLib also allows for on-the-fly analysis with user-defined analysis modules. KMCLib can keep track of individual particle movements and includes tools for mean square displacement analysis, and is therefore particularly well suited for studying diffusion processes at surfaces and in solids. Additional comments: The full documentation of the program is distributed with the code and can also be found at http://www.github.com/leetmaa/KMCLib/manual Running time: From a few seconds to several days depending on the type of simulation and input parameters.
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| 8. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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KMCLib 1.1 : Extended random number support and technical updates to the KMCLib general framework for kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Computer Physics Communications. - : Elsevier. - 0010-4655 .- 1879-2944. ; 196, s. 611-613
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We here present a revised version, v1.1, of the KMCLib general framework for kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) simulations. The generation of random numbers in KMCLib now relies on the C++11 standard library implementation, and support has been added for the user to choose from a set of C++11 implemented random number generators. The Mersenne-twister, the 24 and 48 bit RANLUX and a ’minimal-standard’ PRNG are supported. We have also included the possibility to use true random numbers via the C++11 std::random-device generator. This release also includes technical updates to support the use of an extended range of operating systems and compilers. New version program summary Program title: KMCLib v1.1 Catalogue identifier: AESZ-v1-1 Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AESZ-v1-1.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License, version 3 No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 49,398 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1,536,855 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Python and C++. Computer: Any computer that can run a C++11 compatible C++ compiler and a Python 2.7 interpreter. Operating system: Tested on Ubuntu 14.4 LTS, Ubuntu 12.4 LTS, CentOS 6.6, Mac OSX 10.10.3, Mac OSX 10.9.5 and Mac OSX 10.8.2 but should run on any system that can have a C++11 compatible C++ compiler and a Python 2.7 interpreter. Has the code been vectorized or parallelized?: Yes, with MPI. From one to hundreds of processors may be used depending on the type of input and simulation. RAM: From a few megabytes to several gigabytes depending on input parameters and the size of the system to simulate. Catalogue identifier of previous version: AESZ-v1-0 Journal reference of previous version: Comput. Phys. Comm. 185 (2014) 2340 Classification: 4.13, 16.13. External routines: To run the serial version of KMCLib no external libraries are needed other than the standard C++ runtime library and a Python 2.7 interpreter with support for numpy. For running the parallel version an MPI implementation is needed, such as e.g. MPICH from http://www.mpich.org or Open-MPI from http://www.open-mpi.org. SWIG (obtainable from http://www.swig.org/) and CMake (obtainable from http://www.cmake.org/) are both needed for building the backend module, while Sphinx (obtainable from http://sphinx-doc.org) is needed for building the documentation. CPPUNIT (obtainable from http://sourceforge.net/projects/cppunit/, also included in the KMCLib distribution) is needed for building the C++ unit tests Does the new version supersede the previous version?: Yes Nature of problem: Atomic scale simulation of slowly evolving dynamics is a great challenge in many areas of computational materials science and catalysis. When the rare-events dynamics of interest is orders of magnitude slower than the typical atomic vibrational frequencies a straight-forward propagation of the equations of motions for the particles in the simulation cannot reach time scales of relevance for modeling the slow dynamics. Solution method: KMCLib provides an implementation of the kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method that solves the slow dynamics problem by utilizing the separation of time scales between fast vibrational motion and the slowly evolving rare-events dynamics. Only the latter is treated explicitly and the system is simulated as jumping between fully equilibrated local energy minima on the slow-dynamics potential energy surface. Reasons for new version: The v1.1 revision increases the reliability and flexibility of the random number generation options in KMCLib, which is a central part of the KMC algorithm. The new release also comes with extended support for additional compilers and updates to the build system to simplify the installation procedure on some widely used platforms. Summary of revisions:Enough time has passed since the introduction of the header in the C++ standard runtime library with the C++11 standard, that most installed compilers today have support to enable the use of C++11 specific language features in C+++. The standard header comes with a set of well-defined pseudo random number generators (PRNG). Using standard library routines in favor of custom implementations has the obvious advantage of being more reliable and with guaranteed support over a longer time. From the v1.1 revision, KMCLib therefore relies on the C++11 standard library header to produce pseudo-random numbers. This also makes it easier to enable support for several different PRNG:s for the user to choose from. From previously only supporting a Mersenne-twister implementation, KMCLib now has support for using the Mersenne-twister [1], the 24 and 48-bit RANLUX [2] generators, as well as a ’minimal-standard’ PRNG [3].For machines with a random device installed, KMCLib v1.1 can run simulations with true random numbers. This is enabled by using the std::random-device generator in C++. If the random device is properly installed the true random numbers are available to KMCLib out of the box and the user only needs to specify the use of the random device with an input flag in the same way as she chooses any of the available PRNG:s.The v1.1 revision includes major updates to the build system. The build system has no effect on the outcome of the simulations, but has a great impact on how easy it is to install the program. The Intel compiler is widely available on super computer clusters and support for this compiler widely extends the number of systems where KMCLib can be easily setup and run. The popularity of the Mac platform also makes smooth installation and compilation with clang desirable. With version v1.1 the make system for KMClib now includes support for the clang compiler on Mac and support for both the Intel compiler and the gcc compiler on Linux. See the reference manual for details of which versions of the operating systems and compilers have been tested.Restrictions: KMCLib implements the lattice KMC method and is as such, restricted to geometries that can be expressed on a grid in space. See the original paper describing KMCLib [4] for further details. Unusual features: KMCLib has been designed to be easily customized, to allow for user-defined functionality and integration with other codes. The user can define her own on-the-fly rate calculator via a Python API, so that site-specific elementary process rates, or rates depending on long-range interactions or complex geometrical features can easily be included. KMCLib also allows for on-the-fly analysis with user-defined analysis modules. KMCLib can keep track of individual particle movements and includes tools for mean square displacement analysis based on the algorithm described in Ref. [5], and is therefore particularly well suited for studying diffusion processes at surfaces and in solids. With the release of v1.1 KMCLib now supports several different pseudo random number generators, but can also, if a random device is installed on the machine, use true random numbers via the std::random-device generator. Additional comments: The full documentation of the program is distributed with the code and can also be found online at http://leetmaa.github.io/KMCLib/manual-v1.1/. Running time: From a few seconds to several days depending on the type of simulation and input parameters. References:M. Matsumoto and T. Nishimura, "Mersenne Twister: A 623- dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudorandom number generator", ACM Trans. on Modeling and Computer Simulation, 8 (1998) 3.M. Lscher, "A portable high-quality random number generator for lattice field theory calculations", Computer Physics Communications, 79 (1994) 100110.S. K. Park, K. W. Miller and P K. Stockmeyer, "Technical correspondence", Communications of the ACM, 36 (1993) 105.M. Leetmaa and N. V. Skorodumova, "KMCLib: A general framework for lattice kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations", Computer Physics Communications, 185 (2014) 2340.M. Leetmaa and N. V. Skorodumova, "Mean square displacements with error estimates from non-equidistant time-step kinetic Monte Carlo simulations", Computer Physics Communications, 191 (2015) 119.
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| 9. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Mean square displacements with error estimates from non-equidistant time-step kinetic Monte Carlo simulations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Computer Physics Communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-4655 .- 1879-2944. ; 191, s. 119-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a method to calculate mean square displacements (MSD) with error estimates from kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of diffusion processes with non-equidistant time-steps. An analytical solution for estimating the errors is presented for the special case of one moving particle at fixed rate constant. The method is generalized to an efficient computational algorithm that can handle any number of moving particles or different rates in the simulated system. We show with examples that the proposed method gives the correct statistical error when the MSD curve describes pure Brownian motion and can otherwise be used as an upper bound for the true error.
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| 10. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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SpecSwap-RMC : A novel reverse Monte Carlo approach using a discrete set of local configurations and pre-computed properties
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 22:13, s. 135001-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a novel approach to reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling, SpecSwap-RMC, specifically applicable to structure modeling based on properties that require significant computer time to evaluate. In this approach pre-computed property data from a discrete set of local configurations are used and the configuration space is expressed in this basis. Atomistic moves are replaced with swap moves of contributions to a sample set representing the state of the simulated system. We demonstrate the approach by fitting jointly and separately the EXAFS signal and x-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of ice Ih using a SpecSwap sample set of 80 configurations from a library of 1382 local structures with associated pre-computed spectra. As an additional demonstration we compare SpecSwap and FEFFIT fits of EXAFS data on crystalline copper, finding excellent agreement. SpecSwap-RMC thus extends RMC structure modeling to any property that can be computed from a structure irrespective of computational expense, but at the cost of a reduced configuration space. The method is general enough that it can be applied to any sets of computed properties, not necessarily limited to structure determination.
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