| 1. |
- Bolou-Bi, Bolou Emile, et al.
(författare)
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Use of stable Mg isotope ratios in identifying the base cation sources of stream water in the boreal Krycklan catchment (Sweden)
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 588
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The knowledge of the sources of base cations in stream water is a prerequisite to assess potential effects of changing environmental conditions such as changing rainfall, weathering or groundwater flows on cation export with stream water. This study use stable Mg isotopes to identify potential sources in the well-studied catchment of Krycklan located on gneissic bedrock covered by quaternary sediments in Sweden. Samples were collected from open filed rain, throughfall, stream, soil, rock and litterfall. The delta Mg-26 values of these samples was determined and the contributions of different sources to Mg fluxes in the stream were determined from the variation of the Mg isotope and Sr / Mg ratios. The results show an overall variation of 1.10 parts per thousand between all samples. In addition, Magnesium isotope ratios varied little in the streamwater and in soil solution, except during snowmelt periods during which a large portion of the annual runoff occurs. Magnesium in the streamwater is explained as a mixture of three pools (open field rain, soil solution and groundwater) with the latter two influenced by catchment processes. Outside the snow-melt period, Mg in streamwater mainly derived from the groundwater, assumed to be mineral weathering signature in this catchment, with a contribution ranging from 12 to 63% to Mg fluxes. Open field rain dominates Mg fluxes in streamwater during spring flood (0 to 78%) and may contribute significantly during larger summer and autumn rainfall events. Soil solution input to streamwater range from 16 to 59% of Mg fluxes in streamwater. Our results demonstrate that delta Mg-26 values together with Mg concentrations and Sr/Mg ratios can be used to constrain the Mg sources of stream water and quantify weathering release rates.
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| 2. |
- Chatzidrossos, Ilias, et al.
(författare)
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Small-world Streaming : Network-aware Streaming Overlay Construction Policies for a Flat Internet
- 2011
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recent measurements indicate that the peering agreements betweenAutonomous Systems (AS) are flattening the AS level topology of theInternet. The transition to a more flat AS topology opens up for newpossibilities for proximity-aware peer-to-peer overlay construction. Inthis paper we consider the problem of the construction of overlays forlive peer-to-peer streaming that leverage peering connections tothe maximum extent possible, and investigate how a limited number ofoverlay connections over transit links should be chosen such as tomaximize the streaming performance. We define a set of transit overlaylink establishment policies that leverage topological characteristics ofthe AS graph. We evaluate their performance over regular AS topologiesusing extensive simulations, and show that the performance difference between the policies can be up to an order of magnitude. Thus, it is possible to maximize the system performance by leveraging the characteristics of the AS graph. Based on our results we also argue that the average loss probability is not an adequate measure of the performance of proximity-aware overlays. We confirm our findings via simulations over a graph of the peering AS topology of over 600 ASs obtained from a large measurement data set.
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| 3. |
- Flechard, Chris R., et al.
(författare)
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Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 17:6, s. 1583-1620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (N-r) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC/dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of N-r deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet N-r deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and N-r inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO3- leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BAS-FOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from -70 to 826 gCm(-2) yr(-1) at total wet + dry inorganic N-r deposition rates (N-dep) of 0.3 to 4.3 gNm(-2) yr(-1) and from -4 to 361 g Cm-2 yr(-1) at N-dep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 gNm(-2) yr(-1) in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated N-dep where N-r leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N-2 losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, N2O and especially NO3- were on average 27%(range 6 %-54 %) of N-dep at sites with N-dep < 1 gNm(-2) yr(-1) versus 65% (range 35 %-85 %) for N-dep > 3 gNm(-2) yr(-1). Such large levels of N-r loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with N-r deposition up to 2-2.5 gNm(-2) yr(-1), with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP/GPP ratio). At elevated N-dep levels (> 2.5 gNm(-2) yr(-1)), where inorganic N-r losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate N-dep levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between N-dep and climate, indicating that the actual mean dC/dN response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. N-dep.
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| 4. |
- Jimenez, Raul, 1982-
(författare)
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Distributed Peer Discovery in Large-Scale P2P Streaming Systems : Addressing Practical Problems of P2P Deployments on the Open Internet
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Peer-to-peer (P2P) techniques allow users with limited resources to distribute content to a potentially large audience by turning passive clients into peers. Peers can self-organize to distribute content to each other, increasing the scalability of the system and decreasing the publisher’s costs, compared to a publisher distributing the data himself using a content delivery network (CDN) or his own servers.Peer discovery is the mechanism that peers use to find each other. Peer discovery is a critical component of any P2P-based system, because P2P networks are dynamic by nature. That is, peers constantly join and leave the network and each individual peer is assumed to be unreliable. This thesis addresses practical issues in distributed peer discovery mech- anisms in the context of three different large-scale P2P streaming systems: a (1) BitTorrent-based streaming system, (2) Spotify, and (3) our own mobile P2P streaming system based on the upcoming Peer-to-peer Streaming Protocol (PPSP) Internet standard.We dramatically improve peer discovery performance in BitTorrent’s Mainline DHT, the largest distributed hash table (DHT) overlay on the open Internet. Our implementation’s median lookup latency is an order of magnitude lower than the best performing measurement reported in the literature and does not exhibit a long tail of high-latency lookups, which is critical for P2P streaming applications.We have achieved these results by studying how connectivity artifacts on the underlying network —probably caused by network address translation (NAT) gateways— affect the DHT overlay. Our measurements of more than three million nodes reveal that connectivity artifacts are widespread and can severely degrade DHT performance.This thesis also addresses the practical issues of integrating mobile devices into P2P streaming systems. In particular, we enable P2P on Spotify’s Android app, study how distributed peer discovery affects energy consumption, and implement and evaluate backwards-compatible modifications which dramatically reduce energy consumption on 3G.Then, we build the first complete system that not only is capable of streaming content to mobile devices but also allows them to publish content directly into the P2P system, even when they are behind a NAT gateway, with minimal impact on their battery and data usage.While our preferred approach is implementing backwards-compatible modifications, we also propose and analyze backwards-incompatible ones. The former allow us to evaluate them in the existing large-scale systems and allow developers to deploy our modifications into the actual system. The latter free us to propose deeper changes. In particular, we propose (1) a DHT-based peer discovery mechanism that improves scalability and introduces localityawareness, and (2) modifications on Spotify’s gossip-like peer discovery to better accommodate mobile devices
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| 5. |
- Jimenez, Raúl
(författare)
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Kademlia on the Open Internet : How to Achieve Sub-Second Lookups in a Multimillion-Node DHT Overlay
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Distributed hash tables (DHTs) have gained much attention from the research community in the last years. Formal analysis and evaluations on simulators and small-scale deployments have shown good scalability and performance. In stark contrast, performance measurements in large-scale DHT overlays on the Internet have yielded disappointing results, with lookup latencies measured in seconds. Others have attempted to improve lookup performance with very limited success, their lowest median lookup latency at over one second and a long tail of high-latency lookups. In this thesis, the goal is to to enable large-scale DHT-based latency-sensitive applications on the Internet. In particular, we improve lookup latency in Mainline DHT, the largest DHT overlay on the open Internet, to identify and address practical issues on an existing system. Our approach is implementing and measuring backward-compatible modifications to facilitate their incremental adoption into Mainline DHT (and possibly other Kademlia-based overlays). Thus, enabling our research to have impact on a real-world system. Our results close the performance gap between small- and large-scale DHT overlays. With a median lookup latency below 200 ms and a 99\superscript{th} percentile of just above 500 ms, our median lookup latency is one order of magnitude lower than the best performing measurement reported in the literature. Moreover, our results do not show a long tail of high-latency lookups, unlike previous reports. We have achieved these results by studying how connectivity artifacts on the underlying network ---probably caused by firewalls and NAT devices on the Internet--- affect the DHT overlay. Our measurements of the connectivity of more than 3 million nodes reveal that connectivity artifacts are widespread and can severely degrade lookup performance. Scalability and locality-awareness have also been explored in this thesis, where different mechanisms have been proposed. Some of the mechanisms are planned to be integrated into Mainline DHT in future work.
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