| 1. |
- Carlsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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EvaRID : A 50th percentile female rear impact finite element dummy model
- 2012
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Ingår i: 2012 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. - : International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury. ; , s. 249-262, s. 249-262
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neck injury due to low severity vehicle crashes is of worldwide concern and the injury risk is greater for females than males. However, whiplash protection systems have shown to be more beneficial for males than females. Hence there is a need for improved tools to address female protection. The objective is to develop and evaluate a 50th percentile female rear impact crash dummy FE model. The model was based on the same design concept as the BioRID II. A scaling approach was developed and the first version, EvaRID V1.0, was implemented. Its dynamic response was compared to rear impact tests with female volunteers. The EvaRID model and volunteer tests showed good correlations until 250 ms of the head and T1 accelerations, linear displacements and head angular displacement. Considerably less T1 angular displacement was found for the EvaRID; similar results were obtained for the BioRID II. Thus, the EvaRID V1.0 and BioRID II models have limitations at low ÎŽv (7km/h). The EvaRID model demonstrated the potential to become a valuable tool when evaluating and developing seats/whiplash protection systems, however, this will require updating the joint stiffness. The model may be used as a template for the development of a physical female dummy.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Anthropometric Specifications, Development, and Evaluation of EvaRID : A 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Finite Element Dummy Model
- 2014
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 15:8, s. 855-865
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Whiplash-associated disorders (WADs), or whiplash injuries, due to low-severity vehicle crashes are of great concern in motorized countries and it is well established that the risk of such injuries is higher for females than for males, even in similar crash conditions. Recent protective systems have been shown to be more beneficial for males than for females. Hence, there is a need for improved tools to address female WAD prevention when developing and evaluating the performance of whiplash protection systems. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a finite element model of a 50th percentile female rear impact crash test dummy.Methods: The anthropometry of the 50th percentile female was specified based on literature data. The model, called EvaRID (female rear impact dummy), was based on the same design concept as the existing 50th percentile male rear impact dummy, the BioRID II. A scaling approach was developed and the first version, EvaRID V1.0, was implemented. Its dynamic response was compared to female volunteer data from rear impact sled tests.Results: The EvaRID V1.0 model and the volunteer tests compared well until ~250 ms of the head and T1 forward accelerations and rearward linear displacements and of the head rearward angular displacement. Markedly less T1 rearward angular displacement was found for the EvaRID model compared to the female volunteers. Similar results were received for the BioRID II model when comparing simulated responses with experimental data under volunteer loading conditions. The results indicate that the biofidelity of the EvaRID V1.0 and BioRID II FE models have limitations, predominantly in the T1 rearward angular displacement, at low velocity changes (7 km/h). The BioRID II model was validated against dummy test results in a loading range close to consumer test conditions (EuroNCAP) and lower severity levels of volunteer testing were not considered.The EvaRID dummy model demonstrated the potential of becoming a valuable tool when evaluating and developing seats and whiplash protection systems. However, updates of the joint stiffness will be required to provide better correlation at lower load levels. Moreover, the seated posture, curvature of the spine, and head position of 50th percentile female occupants needs to be established and implemented in future models.
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| 3. |
- Chakraborty, Amrita, et al.
(författare)
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Yeast and fruit fly mutual niche construction and antagonism against mould
- 2022
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Ingår i: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0269-8463 .- 1365-2435. ; 36:7, s. 1639-1654
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A goal in insect–microbe ecology is to understand the mechanisms regulating species associations and mutualistic interactions. The spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii develops in ripening fruit, unlike other drosophilids that typically feed on overripe fruit, and is associated with the yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum. We hypothesized that D. suzukii and H. uvarum engage in niche construction leading to a mutualistic relation, facilitating the exploitation of fruit and berries as larval substrate. We show that H. uvarum proliferates on both ripe and on unripe raspberries, mediates attraction of D. suzukii larvae and adult flies, enhances egg-laying in mated females and is a sufficient food substrate to support larval development. Moreover, H. uvarum suppresses the antagonistic grey mould, Botrytis cinerea in collaboration with D. suzukii larvae, and produces less ethanol than baker's yeast. H. uvarum thus creates favourable conditions for D. suzukii larval development, which is susceptible to ethanol and grey mould. D. suzukii, on the other hand, vectors H. uvarum to suitable substrates such as raspberries, where larval feeding activity enhances growth of H. uvarum. Larval feeding also helps to suppress B. cinerea, which otherwise outcompetes H. uvarum on raspberry, in the absence of fly larvae. In conclusion, H. uvarum enhances D. suzukii larval development on unripe berries, and D. suzukii promotes H. uvarum dispersal and growth on berries. Yeast and fly modify their shared habitat in reciprocal niche construction and mutual interaction. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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| 4. |
- Chang, Fred, et al.
(författare)
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EvaRID: a dummy model representing females in rear end impacts
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proc. Whiplash 2010, 3rd International Conference, Munich, November 18 – 20, 2010.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Seventh Framework project ADSEAT (Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female andMale Occupants) aims at establishing the properties for a model of an average female and toimplement those in a computational model in order to provide an improved tool for the developmentand evaluation of adaptive systems with special focus on protection against whiplash injuries. As suchthe project will result in a computational model of a female, in addition to the male model that alreadyexists, for low severity testing. Both the female and the male model will then be used in be used instudies to design and evaluate adaptive seat systems that provide enhanced neck injury protection.This paper will present the first version of the female dummy model, called EvaRID, as developedduring the first year of the ADSEAT project. Background information on the size selection,anthropometry and the scaling method used will be described. The performance of the EvaRID V1.0release is shown by comparing simulation results with volunteer data.
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| 5. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Development of injury risk functions for use with the THORAX Demonstrator; an updated THOR
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, IRCOBI 2014; Berlin; Germany; 10 September 2014 through 12 September 2014. - : International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; 14:41, s. 359-376, s. 359-376
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thorax‐shoulder complex of the THOR dummy was updated in the EU‐project THORAX. The new dummy, the THORA demonstrator, was evaluated in several biomechanical test conditions. In this study, selected data from these tests and injury information from the original tests with Post Mortem Human Subjects were used to develop injury risk functions in accordance with the guidelines defined withinISO/TC22/SC12/WG6. This included the use of survival analysis, distribution and quality assessments.The results include draft injury risk functions for three THORAX injury criteria intended for frontal and oblique loading. The maximum peak deflection measurement (Dmax) and a new differential deflection criterion (DcTHOR) were found to have a good injury risk quality index. Furthermore, a new local strain‐based concept, denoted Number of Fractured Ribs (NFR), appeared to be a potentially useful injury criterion as by its nature it is less sensitive to restraint conditions than deflection measures although it had a lower quality index compared with the displacement‐based criteria.
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| 6. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Set of injury risk curves for different sizes and ages
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When new crash test dummy hardware becomes available it is important to establish howthe measurements taken with that tool relate to a risk of injury. THORAX is a collaborativemedium-scale project under the EC Seventh Framework. It focuses on the reduction andprevention of thoracic injuries. Within the project an improved understanding of thoracicinjury mechanisms has been implemented in an updated design for the thorax-shouldercomplex of the THOR dummy. The new dummy hardware, referred to as the THORAXdemonstrator, has been evaluated in a number of biomechanical test conditions. The datafrom these tests has provided the opportunity to compare those data with injury outcomedata under equivalent loading conditions. This report describes that comparison and theresulting injury risk curves developed.When developing injury risk functions for a new dummy it is common practice to repeat testscarried out with post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) with the crash test dummy. Matcheddummy data and injury records from the PMHS tests are then used in the development ofinjury risk functions. Other approaches involve collection of real world accident events thathave been recreated with the dummy in the laboratory. Both of these approaches have beenadopted in this study.Injury risk functions are commonly developed for the average male in terms of size and age.However, age, gender and size influence the risk of injury for a given crash condition. Crashtest dummies that take these differences into account may be developed in the future.However, as part of the THORAX project advanced scaling methods have been developedthat can be used to modify the injury risk functions to account for gender and different sizes.Thereby the measurements obtained in crash tests with the THORAX demonstrator can beused to predict the risk for other occupant categories than those that are close to the averagemale.By providing the automotive industry with a superior crash test dummy, the new THORAXdemonstrator, associated injury risk functions and scaling techniques it is expected thatimproved restraint systems will be developed that lead to a reduction of chest injuries.
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| 7. |
- Gaillard, Marie-José, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Holocene land-cover reconstructions for studies on land cover-climate feedbacks
- 2010
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Ingår i: Climate of the Past. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1814-9324 .- 1814-9332. ; 6, s. 483-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The major objectives of this paper are: (1) to review the pros and cons of the scenarios of past anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) developed during the last ten years, (2) to discuss issues related to pollen-based reconstruction of the past land-cover and introduce a new method, REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites), to infer long-term records of past land-cover from pollen data, (3) to present a new project (LANDCLIM: LAND cover – CLIMate interactions in NW Europe during the Holocene) currently underway, and show preliminary results of REVEALS reconstructions of the regional land-cover in the Czech Republic for five selected time windows of the Holocene, and (4) to discuss the implications and future directions in climate and vegetation/land-cover modeling, and in the assessment of the effects of human-induced changes in land-cover on the regional climate through altered feedbacks. The existing ALCC scenarios show large discrepancies between them, and few cover time periods older than AD 800. When these scenarios are used to assess the impact of human land-use on climate, contrasting results are obtained. It emphasizes the need for methods such as the REVEALS model-based land-cover reconstructions. They might help to fine-tune descriptions of past land-cover and lead to a better understanding of how long-term changes in ALCC might have influenced climate. The REVEALS model is demonstrated to provide better estimates of the regional vegetation/landcover changes than the traditional use of pollen percentages. This will achieve a robust assessment of land cover at regional- to continental-spatial scale throughout the Holocene. We present maps of REVEALS estimates for the percentage cover of 10 plant functional types (PFTs) at 200 BP and 6000 BP, and of the two open-land PFTs “grassland” and “agricultural land” at five time-windows from 6000 BP to recent time. The LANDCLIM results are expected to provide crucial data to reassess ALCC estimates for a better understanding of the land suface-atmosphere interactions.
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| 8. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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An Advanced Thorax-Shoulder Design for the THOR Dummy
- 2013
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Ingår i: 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV),Soul, Korea.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatallyand severely injured casualties in car crashes.Advances in restraint system technology and airbagsmay be needed to address this problem; however, thecrash test dummies available today for studying theseinjuries have limitations that prevent them frombeing able to demonstrate the benefits of suchinnovations. THORAX-FP7 was a collaborativemedium scale project under the European SeventhFramework. It focused on the mitigation andprevention of thoracic injuries through an improvedunderstanding of the thoracic injury mechanisms andthe implementation of this understanding in anupdated design for the thorax-shoulder complex ofthe THOR dummy. The updated dummy shouldenable the design and evaluation of advancedrestraint systems for a wide variety (gender, age andsize) of car occupants.The hardware development involved five steps:1) Identification of the dominant thoracic injury typesfrom field data, 2) Specification of biomechanicalrequirements, 3) Identification of injury parametersand necessary instrumentation, 4) Dummy hardwaredevelopment and 5) Evaluation of the demonstratordummy.The activities resulted in the definition of newbiofidelity and instrumentation requirements for anupdated thorax-shoulder complex. Prototype versionswere realised and implemented in three THORdummies for biomechanical evaluation testing. Thispaper documents the hardware developments andbiomechanical evaluation testing carried out.
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| 9. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of integrated vehicle safety systems for improved vehicle safety
- 2012
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Ingår i: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0428. ; 48, s. 1632-1641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road safety is a major societal issue. In 2009, more than 35,000 people died on the roads of the European Union, i.e. the equivalent of a medium town, and no fewer than 1,500,000 persons were injured. The cost for society is huge, representing approximately 130 billion Euros in 2009. In view of this the European road safety policy orientations up to 2020 new technologies that have high potential to improve road safety should be promoted. This includes Integrated Safety Systems (ISS) like pre-crash systems with collision warning or autonomous vehicle actions. For such systems it is stated that “Accelerated deployment and broad market take-up of such safety enhancing applications needs to be supported in order for their full potential to be unleashed”. The ASSESS project is directly responding to this by developing test and assessment procedures for the evaluation of pre-crash systems. Methods are being developed for driver behavioural aspects, pre-crash sensing performance and crash performance under conditions influenced by pre-crash driver and vehicle actions. The gained know-how will be implemented in proposals for test and assessment procedures that will be evaluated on the basis of actual systems currently offered to the market. The ASSESS project started in July 2009. This paper presents results achieved during the first two years of the project including activities on test scenario definition, test tool development and first test results on driver behavioural aspects and pre-crash performance evaluation.
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| 10. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Development of an Advanced Thorax / Shoulder Complex for the THOR Dummy
- 2013
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191 .- 2688-3627. ; 5
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatalitiesand severe injuries in car crashes. The tools availabletoday for studying these injuries are not up to par withthe latest implementation of restraint systems and airbags.THORAX-FP7 is a collaborative medium scale projectunder the Seventh Framework. It focuses on the reductionand prevention of thoracic injuries through an improvedunderstanding of the thoracic injury mechanisms and theimplementation of this understanding in an updated designfor the thorax-shoulder complex of the THOR dummy. Theupdated dummy should enable the design and evaluationof advanced restraint systems for a wide variety (gender,age and size) of car occupants. The hardware developmentinvolves fi ve steps: 1) Identifi cation of the dominant thoracicinjury types from fi eld data, 2) Specifi cation of biomechanicalrequirements, 3) Identification of injury parameters andnecessary instrumentation, 4) Dummy hardware developmentand 5) Evaluation of the demonstrator dummy.The THORAX project started in February 2009. This paperpresents results achieved so far including outcomes ofaccident surveys, selection of human response data suitablefor the assessment of the dummy performance, humanbody simulation into the injury criteria and the dummydevelopments done so far.
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