| 1. |
- Gee, Kira, et al.
(författare)
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BONUS BALTSPACE Deliverable 3.3: Addressing MSP integration challenges: The role of tools and approaches. Geesthacht.
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report discusses seven different tools and approaches to address important integration challenges in marine and coastal spatial planning and management, namely in relation to sectors and policies, boundaries, stakeholders and different types of knowledge. BONUS BALTSPACE (2015-2018) was conceived against the background of the EU MSP Directive and the need for Member States to produce marine spatial plans by 2021. MSP is an integrative concept that requires integration of sectors and stakeholders, of different types of knowledge, as well as integration across administrative borders. BALTSPACE was the first transnational, interdisciplinary MSP research project in the BSR to focus on four key integration challenges in MSP, namely policy and sector integration, multi-level and transboundary integration, stakeholder integration and knowledge integration. Work Package 3 was tasked with developing and assessing practitioner-oriented approaches and tools for MSP to help deal with the integration challenges identified (www.baltspace.eu). The capacity of seven problem- and process-specific techniques and approaches (subsequently termed tools) was assessed in different case study settings: •Bowtie •Culturally Significant Areas •Governance Baselines •Integrated Indicator System for monitoring the spatial, economic and environmental effects of MSP solutions •Marxan •Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation •Spatial Economic Benefit Analysis (SEBA) Each tool was applied once in a particular country context in a format determined by the tool user. Some applications were desktop exercises, others were more participative, although most had some form of verification by stakeholders. Tool selection reflected both the variety of available methods and the diverse range of tasks in MSP, leading to the inclusion of product- and process-oriented tools, descriptive and analytical tools, as well as data and forecasting tools. One of the tools (SEBA) was specifically developed for MSP as part of BALTSPACE. An overview of academic literature revealed that “tools” in MSP are mostly understood as technical instruments that provide decision support. To a large part, the tools described in the literature rely on scientific data and information, in line with a view of MSP as an evidence-based exercise requiring data collection and analysis as a basis for planning. There is little mention of the role of process in MSP and the learning that might result from tool-supported processes. Also, most assessments do not focus on the indirect or ‘soft’ impacts of tool use, which are often related to the persons or groups engaging with the tool – and which could have positive integration effects by and for themselves. Examples of such impacts include greater mutual understanding or an improved sense of trust, both of which could arise from improved stakeholder and knowledge integration facilitated by a tool. Integration effects may therefore manifest themselves when the tool is being used - e.g. to generate a particular output such as a map – or when the results are being fed back into the MSP process. After a short overview of the purpose of each tool and where it fits in the MSP cycle, an analytical template is set out. This breaks down the four integration challenges into a series of sub-challenges, so as to enable a comparative evaluation of the seven tools against the same set of challenges. It also sets out some more general contributions the tools could make with respect to MSP, such as contributing to the efficiency of the MSP process or to improved decision-making. The assessment is based on the retrospective evaluation of the BALTSPACE researchers and largely descriptive, focusing also on the direct outputs and indirect outcomes of tool use. Throughout, the assessment focuses on the capacity of each tool, taking account of the fact that tool use is context-dependent and that a range of external factors comes into play when it comes to the actual integration results. The assessment shows that the integration challenges most readily addressed are stakeholder and knowledge integration. Conversely, policy integration is difficult to achieve as a direct result, although some tools are well suited to analysing the existing policy landscape and potential integration gaps. Multi-level (transboundary) integration depends on the scale of tool use and is potentially achievable as all tools can be up-scaled if necessary. Some tools are also well-placed to contribute to land-sea integration. An important difference is noted between the inherent capacity of the tools and their application. Some tools are better at certain tasks than others but ultimately, it is the application that is make or break. For example, some tools (such as OS or CSA) are specifically designed to support stakeholder and knowledge integration, in the sense that they would not deliver a result without them. Other tools that are less specifically designed for this purpose can also contribute to stakeholder integration, but this then happens as a result of how the tool is applied – in this case in a participative setting. To some degree, the capacity to facilitate stakeholder and knowledge integration depends on whether a tool is process- or product-oriented or analytical or experimental. Generally, process-oriented tools, especially complex ones such as OS require active stakeholder involvement and input, but there are also product-oriented tools (such as CSA or SEBA) that rely on the integration of various stakeholders and their knowledge. Analytical tools such as Bowtie or Governance Baselines could in theory be conducted as mere desktop exercises, which would restrict their impact on knowledge integration; if applied as participatory tools they would also make an indirect contribution to stakeholder integration. The mere fact that a tool requires stakeholder involvement does not automatically lead to integration benefits, although involvement is certainly a prerequisite. Especially with respect to process-oriented tools, much depends on the skill of the tool user and the quality of the application process, including for example facilitation skills, timing and resources, also on the part of the participating stakeholders. Much also depends on the quality of the (surrounding) MSP process and whether this is capable of absorbing the benefits that may be generated from tool use. The seven tools are unable to contribute to increasing national/transnational policy coherence and resolving institutional compatibilities, and less well placed to help evaluate the consequences of planned action. Only the most comprehensive process-oriented tool (OS) is able to create a forum for deliberation. A key aspect for applying the seven BALTSPACE tools in practice is to know the precise challenge to be addressed, the capacity of the tool (its potential outcomes) including any soft benefits to be achieved, and the capacity of those using the tool (time, timing, resources). It is also important to consider which role the tool is expected to play in the MSP process: Will it be used as a free-standing, independent entity and process, feeding results into the MSP process? Will it be used as a trigger of the MSP process and “way in” or door-opener, for example to motivate stakeholders? Or is the tool to be intimately linked to the entire MSP process, effectively running large parts of it? Insights and practical tips for using the tools are provided in a separate Tools Handbook which is available for download on the BALTSPACE website (www.baltspace.eu). The website also contains short video tutorials on selected tools, as well as a briefing note and short summary of the opportunities and challenges in using tools to support integration in MSP.
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| 2. |
- Gee, Kira, et al.
(författare)
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Can tools contribute to integration in MSP? : A comparative review of selected tools and approaches
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ocean and Coastal Management. - : Elsevier. - 0964-5691 .- 1873-524X. ; 179, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of tools and approaches is currently much debated in maritime spatial planning (MSP). Past evaluation has mainly concentrated on decision support tools and the tangible outputs these can provide for MSP, but little attention has so far been been given to the soft or indirect benefits tool use can have in MSP. This paper assesses the potential benefits of tool use in the context of four common integration challenges in MSP. Drawing on case study material from the Baltic Sea region, the paper reviews the potential contribution of five selected tools and approaches to multi-level and transboundary, policy and sector, stakeholder and knowledge integration. Specific end points are defined for each integration challenge, including general desired outcomes of integrated MSP processes as a template for assessment. Our review shows that the selected tools play different roles in moving towards the various end points of MSP integration. There is an important difference between the potential of each tool, or its inherent capacity, and how it is applied, e.g. in a participative or non-participative setting. Another lesson is that some integration benefits can be achieved by the tools alone, while others – often secondary benefits - depend on how the outcomes of tool use are taken up by the subsequent MSP process. Although the nature of a tool does restrict its potential contribution to MSP integration challenges, the secondary “soft” benefits that can be achieved through certain styles of application and good links to the MSP process can add important integration benefits up and beyond the tool itself. The results presented here may also be relevant to other types of spatial planning and conservation management.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Jansson, Märit, et al.
(författare)
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Välfärdens landskap – ett arv som främjar rekreation
- 2023
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Ingår i: LTV-fakultetens faktablad.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I Sverige finns många exempel på så kallade välfärdslandskap, planerade för att främja människors hälsa genom rekreation. Många av dem förändas idag, när nya planeringsideal realiseras. Vilka värden riskerar då att gå förlorade? I detta faktablad lyfter vi fram forskningsresultat om hur människor uppfattar och använder olika miljöer idag. De visar stora värden för rekreation kopplade till arvet från välfärdens landskap, värden att ta i beaktande även i framtiden.
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| 5. |
- Leposa, Neva
(författare)
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A matter of human-sea relations: Insights from leisure boating in Bohuslän, Sweden
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Global environmental governance increasingly seeks to establish sustainable use of the oceans. This PhD thesis asks what we can learn about this issue by exploring leisure boating in Bohuslän, Sweden, as both a perceived and as a practiced human-sea relation. The thesis analyses governance agencies’ perceptions of human-sea relations based on the texts produced in relation to the implementation in Sweden of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Boaters’ perceptions about their boats and the seas are explored through interviews and a survey that drew inspiration from theories of consumption. Boating practices are explored through practice and affordance theories as related to interviews and participant observations.As regards perceptions, the thesis finds that governance actors mostly see leisure boating and the seas as economically valuable and thus worth preserving. Boaters’ perceptions acknowledge that boating causes environmental impacts on the seas, but their consumer role prevails, whereby they aspire to obtain progressively larger recreational boats. This tendency emerges from economic abilities, emotional drives, and social aspirations – all of which are supported by market forces, such as the production of cheaper boats and the increase in coastal real estate prices.Exploring practices of home-making demonstrates that the materials today included in boating afford comfortable housing at sea. Analyses of touring and painting practices demonstrate how boating performances emerge through a process of negotiation, so that different affordances that exist in relation to the Swedish archipelago are tapped into or avoided. The study makes several contributions. First, it offers valuable new evidence for the empirically under-researched field of leisure boating in Sweden. Second, it contributes to tourism research by showing how practices change over time and how, through the equipment that tourists use, affordances of the environment can be negotiated. Third, the thesis finds that what boaters do in nature does not necessarily reflect their more general perceptions about nature. Instead of focusing merely on how people perceive or value nature, this study suggests that it might be effective also to highlight socio-material practices. Materials can importantly shape practices at sea that are environmentally problematic; and yet, at the same time, material-based solutions can also promote sustainable use of the seas.
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| 6. |
- Leposa, Neva
(författare)
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Problematic blue growth: a thematic synthesis of social sustainability problems related to growth in the marine and coastal tourism
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1862-4065 .- 1862-4057. ; 15, s. 1233-1244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine and coastal tourism constitutes one of the largest and fastest-growing segments in tourism. Growth in marine tourism is now furthered through the 'blue growth' imperative, which this article problematises. The paper argues that there are already existing sustainability issues related to the marine tourism sector. These problems could be exacerbated if growth is additionally boosted. Since the social sustainability consequences of the growth of marine tourism are less known in the sustainability science literature, this paper thematically synthesises these types of sustainability problems in particular, as presented in the tourism studies, and brings them closer to sustainability science readers. The cases of cruise tourism, ecotourism, and tourism in marine protected areas, and community-based tourism studies are examined, wherein the latter represents a critical case for social sustainability matters. The paper reports several social and environmental injustices, produced through structural forces, and a manipulated access to natural resources, health services, and healthy environments. Social sustainability issues are most obvious in cruise tourism; however, also tourism in marine protected areas, ecotourism, and community-based tourism are not unproblematic. Thus, blue growth initiatives should be carefully examined and questioned.
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| 7. |
- Leposa, Neva
(författare)
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The emergence of ambivalent leisure consumers - The case of boating along the Swedish West Coast
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 145, s. 35-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Through a case study of leisure boating along the Swedish West Coast, this study explores how two conflicting roles - consumers and environmental citizens - produce and are produced by a highly ambivalent neoliberal discourse. On the one hand, this discourse supports economic growth and increasing consumption, while on the other hand it expects consumers to consider the environmental impacts of their actions and make pro-environmental choices. Through a mixed-method approach based on the application of consumer value theory (CVT) in combination with a motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA) model, this study demonstrates how the consumer role is predominantly produced and reproduced through social pressure and market forces as well as emotional and habitual attachment to boat life and boating. This (re)production of the consumer role conflicts with the environmental citizenship role, as boaters agree that protection is needed while they also put high value on the sea as a place of freedom. The study suggests that there is a need for an environmental policy that recognises how the consumer role is produced and reproduced. Such policy should move beyond the assumption of the sovereignty of the individual and focus more closely on the interaction between humans and the sea. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Leposa, Neva
(författare)
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When sea becomes home
- 2018
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Ingår i: Annals of Tourism Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-7383. ; 72, s. 11-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper speaks to the home/away debate in tourism research through a case study of leisure boating. Practice theory and affordance theory, participant observation and interviews with boaters touring or departing from Bohuslän, Sweden are used to illustrate how changes in material affordances and material setup co-transform practices and meanings. Through the introduction of house-like facilities, powered by the boat’s engines and employing home skills, some boats afford a family/single person a more comfortable and independent “stay at home” on the sea than in the past, while boating resembling camping is becoming an ex-practice. However, boats continue to afford mobility, for which boating skills are required. This paper thus challenges the theoretical opposition in tourism studies between home and away.
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| 9. |
- Morf, Andrea, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Addressing integration challenges in coastal and marine spatial planning using the Open Standards approach – experiences from Sweden.
- 2018
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Ingår i: ICES Annual Science Conference (ASC 2018), Session C: Assessing and analysing marine spatial planning - knowledge - indicators – visions. - Hamburg.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This presentation reports results from the BONUS financed project BaltSapce and explores how and to what extent the approach of the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (OS) (http://cmp-openstandards.org/) could support coastal and marine spatial planning in addressing important integration challenges, i.e. how to include stakeholders and different types of knowledge and link across sectors and policy areas and different boundaries. Our research is part of a broader analysis of integrative tools and approaches within the BONUS project BALTSPACE; it is based on literature and document analysis, 15 interviews with key informants holding various roles in recent OS-supported coastal planning and management processes in Sweden, and on a discussion workshop and direct contacts with the above experts and further OS-facilitators and planners. We find that the OS indeed can help working on complex planning problems with uncertainties and value differences and address the above challenges, especially if used in combination with broad participation. The conceptual model underlying the OS can help planners to more systematically think goal and evaluation oriented, creating a base for learning within and across planning processes. The OS are most easily applicable for marine and coastal planning, which aim to incorporate adaptive management and work with an ecosystem perspective (especially green-blue areas, habitats and living resources) or for integrated planning and management aiming to use the CBD-Ecosystem Approach (https://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/). However, an initial effort is needed in terms of time, resources, method training and capacity building. Moreover, all affected parts with a mandate have to be on board and ready to give an effort. We end discussing the potentials and needs to develop the field of integrative marine and coastal management knowledge and practice further in terms of standards, definitions, training, and community of practice, using the type of practice and community developed around the OS for the practice of conservation as an inspiration.
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