| 1. |
- Andersson, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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A life-course perspective on girls' criminality
- 2012
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Ingår i: Girls at risk. - New York, NY : Springer. - 9781461441298 - 9781461441304 ; , s. 119-137
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter explores the female patterning of crime and factors that differentiate between these patterns. The theoretical frame considers the developmental course of criminality and some common developmental pathways or trajectories. This perspective is concerned with identifying factors across people’s lives that account for both stability and change in antisocial behavior and crime. The family, school, and peer groups, expressed in social bonds and social networks, are the dominant sources of social control during childhood and adolescence and although childhood oppositional behavior tends to attenuate these important sources of social control, this is not invariably the case. The chapter has a special focus on a female pattern of crime that has not previously been given so much attention in research, namely an adulthood-onset trajectory. The overall aim is to contribute to a better understanding of factors that contribute to the development of different criminal careers among females by studying individual and social characteristics and how such factors interact to change and shape criminal involvement over two critical developmental phases: early adolescence and the transition into young adulthood for a cohort of Swedish girls.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in offending trajectories in a Swedish cohort
- 2012
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Ingår i: CBMH. Criminal behaviour and mental health. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0957-9664 .- 1471-2857. ; 22:2, s. 108-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Despite the increased interest in female offending trajectories over the last decades, knowledge is still limited. Aim To meet the need for more knowledge on female offending trajectories by studying sex differences in criminal career patterns. Method Data on 518 female and 2567 male offenders up to age 30 from the Swedish longitudinal Project Metropolitan study were analysed using latent class analysis. Results The female offenders were much less predisposed to offend than the males, but when they did, they tended to follow a similar set of trajectories to males in their criminal development over time. Four criminal career patterns were identified for each sex. Two patterns were the same between the sexes, and two were gender unique. All career patterns had meaningful and distinct associations with crime characteristics. Conclusions Our study presents indicators relating both to gender differences and to heterogeneity within the group of female offenders. One important finding was the identification of an adult-onset offender group unique to females. This group was characterised by high criminal activity over the years following their late onset. Further research will focus on the childhood origins, pathways and outcomes of different female antisocial and criminal careers.
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| 3. |
- Ivert, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Criminality among Former Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Patients and Matched Controls
- 2016
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Ingår i: Open Journal of Medical Psychology. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2165-9370 .- 2165-9389. ; :6, s. 16-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Externalizing symptoms in children (aggression, oppositionality, prop- erty and status violations), and the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) triad of problems (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity) display a substantial co- morbidity. The “short temper” problem is common to these syndromes, which are predictive of a range of negative life outcomes including substance abuse and crimi- nality in adulthood. There is a gender gap for the syndromes (boys are more af- fected), for criminality (men are more criminal) and knowledge (we know less about girls’ criminal careers). Aims: The main aim was to compare crime rates and crime profiles among former Child and Adolescent Psychiatric (CAP) patients with cor- responding data for matched controls, focusing externalizing and internalizing psy- chiatric symptoms, sex and adverse social factors. Method: Data for 6055 former CAP-Stockholm outpatients were extracted from available treatment registers. For each CAP patient, two matched controls from the general population were randomly selected from the same area of residence, of the same sex and with the same year of birth (N approx. 12,000). Data on criminality for these individuals were obtained from a Swedish police register which also includes crimes committed prior to age 15. Results: Overall, twice as many former CAP patients were registered for crimes at a mean age of 21.4 compared to the controls. The over-representation was larger for crimes of violence. Females were registered for a much lower number of crimes, par- ticularly crimes of violence (gender gap). The gender gap among the CAP patients was smaller than among controls. Compared with controls, CAP patients character- ized by externalizing problems at referral had an odds ratio (OR) for crimes of 5 for males and 10 for females. Neglect was the only adverse social factor which was asso- ciated with a higher crime rate and affected boys more than girls. Compared to pre- vious Swedish CAP cohorts, the criminality of the current cohort was much higher. Conclusion: In-depth studies of female crime careers characterized by externalising problems are needed. Child psychiatric services must find new and more effective ways of identifying and treating children with such problems, regardless of sex. The findings can guide the choice of strategies which will reduce crime rate.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ivert, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways to child and adolescent psychiatric clinics : a multilevel study of the significance of ethnicity and neighbourhood social characteristics on source of referral
- 2011
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Ingår i: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1753-2000. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background In the Swedish society, as in many other societies, many children and adolescents with mental health problems do not receive the help they need. As the Swedish society becomes increasingly multicultural, and as ethnic and economic residential segregation become more pronounced, this study utilises ethnicity and neighbourhood context to examine referral pathways to child and adolescent psychiatric (CAP) clinics. Methods The analysis examines four different sources of referrals: family referrals, social/legal agency referrals, school referrals and health/mental health referrals. The referrals of 2054 children aged 11-19 from the Stockholm Child-Psychiatric Database were studied using multilevel logistic regression analyses. Results Results indicate that ethnicity played an important role in how children and adolescents were referred to CAP-clinics. Family referrals were more common among children and adolescents with a Swedish background than among those with an immigrant background. Referrals by social/legal agencies were more common among children and adolescents with African and Asian backgrounds. Children with Asian or South American backgrounds were more likely to have been referred by schools or by the health/mental health care sector. A significant neighbourhood effect was found in relation to family referrals. Children and adolescents from neighbourhoods with low levels of socioeconomic deprivation were more likely to be referred to psychiatric child and youth clinics by their families in comparison to children from other neighbourhoods. Such differences were not found in relation in relation to the other sources of referral. Conclusions This article reports findings that can be an important first step toward increasing knowledge on reasons behind differential referral rates and uptake of psychiatric care in an ethnically diverse Swedish sample. These findings have implications for the design and evaluation of community mental health outreach programs and should be considered when developing measures and strategies intended to reach and help children with mental health problems. This might involve providing information about the availability and accessibility of health care for children and adolescents with mental health problems to families in certain neighbourhoods and with different ethnic backgrounds.
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| 6. |
- Levander, Sten, et al.
(författare)
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Behandling inom kriminalvården
- 2010
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Ingår i: Kriminalvård i praktiken. - : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144028422 ; , s. 99-119
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Levander, Sten, et al.
(författare)
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Self-control in criminology : we need a broader conceptualization and links to psychiatric diagnoses
- 2024
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Ingår i: Frontiers in psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Poor self-control is a strong correlate of criminal propensity. It is conceptualized and operationalized differently in criminology than in other scientific traditions.AIMS: (1) To verify the dimensionality of the criminological Grasmick self-control items, other self-regulation items and morality ones. (2) To re-interpret the dimensions using a clinical perspective, a taxonomic/diagnostic model and references to possible "biological underpinnings." (3) Validate the dimensions by associations with crime.METHOD: Population: all persons born 1995 in Malmö and living there at age 12. A random sample (N = 525) filled in a comprehensive self-report questionnaire on themes like personality, crime/abuse and social aspects at age 15, 16 and 18. Age 18 data were analysed: 191 men and 220 women.RESULTS: Self-regulation items were 4-dimensional: ADHD problems (Behavior control and Executive skills) and two Aggression factors. Morality items formed a fifth dimension. Negative Affect and Social interaction factors covered the rest of the variance. The validity of these factors was backed up by correlations with similar items/factors. Self-regulation subscales predicted crimes better than the Grasmick scale; an interaction with morality improved prediction still further. Sex differences were over-all small with three exceptions: Aggression, Morality and Negative affect.CONCLUSION: We identified four dimensions of the 20-item Grasmick instrument: Cognitive action control (impulsiveness/sensation seeking, response inhibition), Executive skills/future orientation, Affective/aggression reactivity and Aggression control. All should be possible to link to brain functional modules. Much can be gained if we are able to formulate an integrated model of self-regulation including distinct brain functional modules, process-and trait-oriented models, relevant diagnoses and clinical experiences of individual cases.
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| 8. |
- Lögdberg, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Schizophreina, Neighbourhood and Crime. The relation between social desorganisation, mental disorder and crime
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Blackwell Munksgaard. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 110:2, s. 92-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This study was designed to explore the concentration of schizophrenic patients to socially disadvantaged areas in Malmö. Method: A case-finding study of schizophrenia was combined with a victimisation survey. Data was factor-analysed and visualised using geographical information system software. Results: The schizophrenic patients lived predominantly in socially disorganised areas characterised by high levels of disorder, fear of crime and victimisation. Regression analyses showed that local informal social control and concrete fear of crime explained one-third of the variance in schizophrenia prevalence. Measures of victimisation and social disorder, together with schizophrenia prevalence, were found to explain 52% of the variance of concrete fear of crime in the neighbourhood. Conclusions: Our hypothesis is that these circumstances cause vicious circles that tend to maintain or worsen an already negative situation, with detrimental effects on psychosocial functioning and on the quality of life of the persons with schizophrenia. Key words: schizophrenia, crime, fear of crime, victimisation, social disorganisation
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| 9. |
- Lögdberg, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0447 .- 0001-690X. ; 110:2, s. 92-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Mellgren, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Riskanalys i polisverksamhet : utvärdering av riskanalys för våld på individnivå: check-10(+)
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I följande rapport sammanfattas resultatet från en utvärdering av Check-10(+). Check-10(+) är en av de strukturerade checklistor för bedömning av risk för upprepat våld på individnivå som används inom svensk polis. Rikspolisstyrelsen föreslog efter en inspektion av polismyndigheternas rutiner vid riskanalys (Rikspolisstyrelsen, 2010) att de metoder och verktyg som används inom svensk polis för att bedöma risken för upprepat våld på individnivå bör utvärderas. Detta baserades på att de olika metoder för riskanalys och specifika verktyg för riskbedömning som tillämpas inom svensk polis har utvärderats i begränsad utsträckning, och att kunskapen om hur verktygen fungerar är bristfällig. I en uppföljande inspektion av myndigheternas arbete med riskanalys (Rikspolisstyrelsen 2014:9) rekommenderas att verktygen SARA, SAM, PATRIARK och eventuellt Check-10(+) ska användas nationellt. Utvärderingen bygger på en genomgång av 98 ärenden i vilka en riskbedömning med Check-10(+) genomfördes i Polismyndigheten i Uppsala län. Arbetssättet och verktyget studeras avseende den initiala bedömningen där ärenden som sedan går vidare till strukturerad bedömning sorteras ut, internt bortfall, rekommenderade och genomförda stöd- och skyddsåtgärder, återfall i brott samt fördelning av risknivåer. De ärenden som bedömdes med Check-10(+) var olika och inkluderade brottstyper som olaga hot, och misshandel men även mordbrand och utpressning för att nämna några. Det interna bortfallet var stort främst avseende faktorer som var associerade med gärningspersonen med det gemensamt att de rörde personlighetsrelaterade egenskaper som kriminell attityd, impulskontroll och bristande medkänsla. Bortfallet var så stort (mer än 30%) att instrumentets validitet var hotad. De flesta ärenden bedöms i mitten av den skala på vilken risken och hotbilden bedöms. Det vanligaste är att det föreligger viss risk eller risk och låg hotbild eller förhöjd hotbild (2 eller 3). Få ärenden bedöms som ringa risk eller ingen hotbild och antalet ärenden där risken bedöms som betydande och hotbilden som hög är mycket få. Antalet riskfaktorer stiger med risknivån och hotbildsnivån. Ju fler riskfaktorer som föreligger desto högre bedöms alltså risken och hotbilden. I knappt hälften av ärendena rekommenderas någon stöd- och/eller skyddsåtgärd och i ungefär en fjärdedel av det totala antalet ärenden genomfördes den rekommenderade åtgärden. De åtgärder som rekommenderas är i huvudsak samtal som innehåller information om brottsofferstöd och riskanalysens resultat, motiverande samtal (gäller främst vittnen), säkerhetssamtal och säkerhetsbesiktning av bostaden. Det är inte möjligt att identifiera något mönster i siffrorna. Oavsett risknivå rekommenderas åtgärder i ungefär hälften av ärendena. Oavsett allvarlighetsgrad i befarat återfall rekommenderas åtgärder i ca 40% av ärendena. Åtgärder på basen av rekommendationerna genomförs i ca 60% av fallen, också oavsett risk och allvarlighetsgrad. Det finns alltså inte någon systematik i detta och riskbedömningen styr inte åtgärdsrekommendationerna. Detta är den enda utvärdering av verktyget som hittills genomförts. Den viktigaste slutsatsen är därför att kunskapen om hur Check-10(+) fungerar i polisverksamhet måste öka innan verktyget rekommenderas som en nationell modell för bedömning av risk för generellt våld på individnivå. Resultaten från föreliggande utvärdering pekar på brister som måste åtgärdas och det bör föras en diskussion kring möjligheterna att bedöma risken för upprepat våld för så olika brottstyper som de som bedöms med verktyget i den här studien.
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