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- Al-Taai, Nameer, et al.
(författare)
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A Superimposition-Based Cephalometric Method to Quantitate Craniofacial Changes
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601 .- 1661-7827. ; 18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess the craniofacial changes related to growth and/or to orthodontic and orthognathic treatments, it is necessary to superimpose serial radiographs on stable structures. However, conventional superimposition provides only a graphical illustration of these changes. To increase the precision of growth and treatment evaluations, it is desirable to quantitate these craniofacial changes. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate a superimposition-based cephalometric method to process numerical data for craniofacial growth changes and (2) identify a valid, reliable, and feasible method for superimposition. Forty pairs of cephalograms were analyzed at T1 and T2 (mean age 9.9 and 15.0 years, respectively). The superimposition-based cephalometric method involved relating the sagittal and vertical measurements on the T2 radiographs to the nasion and sella landmarks on the T1 radiographs. Validity and reliability were evaluated for three superimposition methods: the sella-nasion (SN); the tuberculum sella-wing (TW); and Bjork's structural. Superimposition-based cephalometrics can be used to quantify craniofacial changes digitally. The numerical data from the superimposition-based cephalometrics reflected a graphical illustration of superimposition and differed significantly from the data acquired through conventional cephalometrics. Superimposition using the TW method is recommended as it is valid, reliable, and feasible.
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- Al-Taai, Nameer, et al.
(författare)
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Craniofacial changes from 13 to 62 years of age
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 44:5, s. 556-565
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background In long-term studies of orthodontic, orthognathic, and prosthodontic treatments, control subjects are needed for comparison. Objectives To study the craniofacial (skeletal, soft tissue, and dental) changes that occur in untreated subjects with normal occlusion between 13 and 62 years of age. Materials/Methods Thirty subjects with a Class I normal occlusion and harmonious facial profile were studied. X-ray examinations were performed at 13 (T1), 16 (T2), 31 (T3), and 62 (T4) years of age, and data were obtained from cephalograms. In total, 53 angular and linear parameters were measured using superimposition-based and conventional cephalometric methods to describe the craniofacial changes. Results The jaws showed significant anterior growth from T1 to T2, and significant retrognathism from T3 to T4. The anterior face height and jaw dimensions increased significantly until T3. Significant posterior rotation of the mandible and opening of the vertical jaw relation, in addition to significant retroclination of the incisors and straightening of the facial profile, were found from T3 to T4. Limitations Given the small sample size at T4, it was not possible to analyse the gender dimension. Conclusions/Implications Craniofacial changes continue up to the sixth decade of life. These changes are consistent, albeit to a lesser extent, with the adolescent growth patterns for most of the studied parameters, with the exceptions of incisor inclination, sagittal jaw position, vertical jaw relation and inclination, and posterior face height.
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- Al-Taai, Nameer, 1975-
(författare)
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Dentoalveolar and craniofacial changes from early adolescence to late adulthood
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives: Study I: To evaluate the reliability and validity of different superimposition methods and to increase the precision with which craniofacial growth and treatment can be quantified. Study II: To explore the craniofacial changes that occur from early adolescence to late adulthood. Study III: To assess the impact of premolar extractions on dentoskeletal and facial morphologies up to late adulthood. Study IV: In a 50-year follow-up, to study how early extraction of four premolars affects the development of age-related lower incisor crowding. Materials and Methods: Study I: Forty pairs of cephalograms were analysed at mean ages of 9.9 (T1) and 15.0 (T2) years. Three superimposition methods were assessed: the Sella-Nasion (SN); the Tuberculum Sella-Wing (TW); and Björk’s structural. Björk’s structural method was performed using three techniques: direct, tracing template, and subtraction. Study II: Thirty subjects with a Class I normal occlusion and harmonious facial profile were investigated. Study data were obtained from cephalograms performed at 12 (T1), 15 (T2), 30 (T3), and 62 (T4) years of age. The craniofacial changes were assessed using superimposition-based and conventional cephalometric methods. Study III: Two groups were included. The Extraction group (N=30 with Class I crowding malocclusion) had their first premolars extracted at a mean age of 11.5 years, without subsequent orthodontic treatment. The Control group included 30 untreated subjects with Class I normal occlusion. Study data were obtained from cephalograms performed at 12 (T1), 15 (T2), 30 (T3) and 62 (T4) years of age. The dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes were assessed using superimposition-based and conventional cephalometric methods. Study IV: Two groups were included. The Extraction group (N=24 with Class I crowding malocclusion) that had their first premolars extracted at mean age of 11.5 years, without subsequent orthodontic treatment. The Control group included 21 untreated subjects with Class I normal occlusion. Study data were obtained from dental casts and cephalograms performed at mean ages of 11.4 and 13.0 years, for the two groups, respectively (T1), and at mean ages of 30.9 years (T2) and 61.7 years (T3).Results: Study I: The numerical data from the superimposition-based cephalometrics reflected a graphical illustration of superimposition and differed significantly from the data acquired using conventional cephalometrics. While there were no significant differences between the TW method and Björk’s three techniques, significant differences were found between the SN method and the other methods. Study II: The maxilla and mandible showed significant anterior growth from T1 to T2, and significant retrognathism from T3 to T4. The anterior facial height and jaw dimensions increased significantly until T3. From T3 to T4, significant posterior rotation of the mandible and opening of the vertical jaw relation were observed, in addition to significant retroclination of the upper incisors, decrease in lip prominence, and straightening of the facial profile. Study III: There were no significant differences between the Extraction and Control groups in terms of the skeletal sagittal relation, incisor inclination and protrusion (or for most of the soft tissue parameters) during the observation period. Study IV: The Extraction group showed significant improvement in the space deficiency of the lower teeth and no changes in the irregularity of the lower incisors up to late adulthood. In contrast, both the space deficiency of the lower teeth and irregularity of the lower incisors were significantly exacerbated in the Control group, up to late adulthood. Conclusions: The superimposition-based cephalometric method accurately generates numerical data for the craniofacial changes. Superimposition using the TW method is valid, reliable, and feasible, and is recommended to be used for superimposition-based cephalometrics. Moreover, craniofacial changes and development of lower incisor irregularity and crowding continue up to late adulthood in untreated subjects who were originally classified as having normal occlusion. For successful long-term outcomes, clinicians should therefore consider age-related changes in patients when planning for orthodontic, orthognathic, and prosthodontic treatments. Treatment with the extraction of four premolars alone in patients with Class I malocclusion with severe crowding does not impact the long-term dentoskeletal and soft tissue profile, and results in unchanged lower incisor alignment.
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- Al-Taai, Nameer, et al.
(författare)
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Dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes after treatment of crowding with premolar extractions: a 50-year follow-up
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Orthodontics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0141-5387 .- 1460-2210. ; 45:1, s. 79-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The long-term effects on dentofacial morphology of interceptive treatment with premolar extractions, in the absence of subsequent orthodontic treatment, have not been fully explored. Objective The aim was to investigate the effects of premolar extractions (without subsequent orthodontic treatment) on the dentoskeletal and soft tissue profile of patients aged between 12 and 62 years with Class I malocclusion with severe crowding, as compared to untreated controls. Materials and methods The Extraction group (N = 30 with Class I crowding malocclusion) had their first premolars removed in early adolescence without subsequent orthodontic treatment. The Control group included 30 untreated subjects with Class I normal occlusion. Cephalograms were taken at 12 (T1), 15 (T2), 30 (T3), and 62 (T4) years of age. A superimposition-based cephalometric method was used to assess the dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes. Results There were no significant differences between the Extraction and Control groups in terms of skeletal sagittal relation, incisor inclination, and protrusion, or most of the soft tissue parameters throughout the observation period. However, significant differences were observed between the groups with respect to the vertical relations in T2-T3, such that the Extraction group showed more-pronounced decreases in the ML/NSL, ML/NL, and Gonial angles and more-pronounced increases in facial heights. Conclusions and implications Treatment for subjects with Class I malocclusion with severe crowding by the extraction of four premolars, without subsequent orthodontic treatment, does not affect the long-term dentoskeletal and soft tissue profile, as compared to an untreated Control group. The degree of crowding, rather than changes in dentofacial morphology, is crucial in deciding on extraction therapy.
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- Barut, Oya, et al.
(författare)
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Calcifications in the neck region of patients with carotid artery stenosis : a computed tomography angiography study of topographic anatomy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4403 .- 2212-4411. ; 129:5, s. 523-530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The aim of this study was to map the vertical locations of calcified carotid plaques (CCPs), osseous anatomic structures, and calcified soft tissues in the area of the carotid artery, determine to what extent CCPs are superimposed on the cervical spine in coronal images, and analyze the differences between men and women.Study Design: Computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans of 79 patients were studied. CCPs were discovered in 152 of the total 158 neck sides. Evaluations were performed by using sagittal and coronal reformatted CTA images with maximum intensity projection.Results: Most of the calcified anatomic structures studied, including the carotid bifurcation, were found in close relationship to the level of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae. In the coronal view, all or most of the areas of the CCPs were superimposed on the cervical spine in 22 of 44 (50%) neck sides with CCP in women and in 37 of 108 (34.2%) in men (P = .070).Conclusions: The carotid bifurcation is in close proximity to various calcified anatomic structures. This should be taken into account when diagnosing CCPs in panoramic radiographs. In the coronal view, CCPs and the cervical spine are often superimposed; thus, coronal images are not recommended for confirmation of putative carotid calcifications diagnosed on the basis of panoramic radiographs.
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- Bladh, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Defined shapes of carotid artery calcifications on panoramic radiographs correlate with specific signs of cardiovascular disease on ultrasound examination
- 2024
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Ingår i: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. - : Elsevier. - 2212-4403 .- 2212-4411.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aim was to optimize diagnostics for carotid artery calcifications (CACs) on panoramic radiographs (PRs) to identify cardiovascular disease (CVD) by investigating how 4 defined CAC shapes are associated with ultrasound (US) findings indicating CVD. Study Design: The study included 414 participants (802 neck sides) from the Malmö Offspring Dental Study, examined with PRs. The PRs were assessed for CAC shapes stratified into 4 categories: single, scattered, vessel-width defining, and vessel-outlining. The carotid arteries were examined with US for signs of CVD: the presence of plaques, largest individual area of a plaque, number of plaques, and percentage reduction of the lumen. Associations between the different CAC categories and US characteristics were analyzed. Results: All categories of CAC were significantly associated with a higher degree of US findings indicating CVD compared with no CAC (P < .001). The most significant differences were found for vessel-outlining CAC, with the mean of the largest individual plaque area of 17.9 vs 2.3 mm2, mean number of plaques 1.6 vs 0.2, and mean percentage reduction of the lumen 24.1% vs 3.5% (all P < .001). Conclusions: Independent of shape, CACs detected on PRs were associated with a higher degree of US findings of CVD. This was most pronounced for vessel-outlining CAC. With refined differential diagnostics of CACs in PRs, dentists may contribute to improved identification of patients in need of cardiovascular prevention.
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- Bodin, Ingrid, 1944-
(författare)
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Impairment of intra-oral sensation, discrimination ability, and swallowing function following radiotherapy and surgery for oral and pharyngeal cancer
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Oral and pharyngeal cancer is commonly treated with a combination of radiotherapy and surgery. It is a clinical knowledge that patients often experience severe swallowing disorders following treatment. Since surgical sequelae are instantaneous and obvious, little attention has been paid to other concurrent effects of the treatment. To shed light on this subject, the aim of this thesis was twofold (i) to make a retrospective inventory of the sequelae following treatment and (ii) to perform a prospective, inceptive examination at diagnosis, and to follow-up after radiotherapy, six months and 12 months after surgery. The files of ninety-nine patients revealed that following treatment one-third had to use gastric fistulas and more than nine of ten patients had restricted swallowing capacity. Every second patient could only swallow puréed or liquid food. Adequate intra-oral sensation and discrimination ability is essential for bolus preparation and bolus control, for appropriate elicitation of the swallowing reflex and, hence, for the oral phase of swallowing. At the inceptive examination, the prospective part of the study demonstrated intra-oral discrimination ability in patients was equal to that in healthy controls but was impaired six months after treatment and there was no significant improvement after 12 months. It had been expected that the patient’s healthy, non-tumor side would compensate but it did not. An explanation was found when it was revealed that radiotherapy induced a delayed decline in intra-oral sensation. Sensory decline was not demonstrated within a month after radiotherapy but was manifest six months later. Since the radiotherapy field includes the neck, because of the risk for metastasis, it is highly plausible that pharyngeal sensation declines in a manner corresponding to that found intra-orally when the healthy side is irradiated. In accord with this presumption, pharyngeal swallowing function deteriorated in patents with oral tumors. Cineradiographic evaluation of oral and pharyngeal swallowing function disclosed a significant association between the degree of swallowing dysfunction and the degree of sensory decline and with the degree of impairment of shape recognition. Conclusions: Delayed intra-oral sensory decline, found to be induced by radiotherapy, can be expected to appear in the entire radiation field, including the oral cavity and the pharynx, with adverse effect on swallowing. Testing intra-oral sensation close to the last radiotherapy session is not advisable, because sensory decline does not develop immediately after radiotherapy but manifests after six months. Spontaneous sensory rehabilitation cannot be expected after six months. The significant association between degree of swallowing dysfunction and degree of intra-oral sensory decline and impaired discrimination ability must be considered in the quest for functional rehabilitation of patients treated for oral or pharyngeal cancer.
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- Bodin, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Intraoral sensation before and after radiotherapy and surgery for oral and pharyngeal cancer.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Head and Neck. - : Wiley. - 1043-3074 .- 1097-0347. ; 26:11, s. 923-929
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Patients with unilateral oral or pharyngeal cancer often receive bilateral radiotherapy because of the potential for metastases. Because postoperative sequelae are evident on the tumor side, to date little attention has been paid to sensory alterations after radiotherapy on the healthy, nontumor side. The objective of this study was to investigate possible sensory alterations. METHODS: Intraoral sensation was tested bilaterally at standardized sites in 27 patients and 20 controls. Preoperative radiotherapy was bilateral in 19 patients and unilateral in eight patients. Patients were tested before treatment, after radiotherapy, and after surgery at 6 months and 1 year. Comparisons were performed interindividually and intraindividually and between groups. RESULTS: A delayed deterioration of sensation was revealed on the nontumor side 6 months after radiotherapy. There was no recovery 1 year after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoral sensation cannot be evaluated directly after radiotherapy. It is plausible that sensory deterioration after radiotherapy has an impact on functional rehabilitation after tumor treatment.
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