| 1. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 2. |
- Benediktsdottir, Asdis, et al.
(författare)
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Volcanic tremor of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption
- 2022
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 228:2, s. 1015-1037
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Volcanic eruptions in Iceland generally start with an increase in tremor levels. These signals do not have clear onset, like many earthquakes. As the character of the tremor signal is variable from one volcano to another, locating the source of the tremor signal may require different techniques for different volcanoes. Continuous volcanic tremor varied considerably during the course of the Eyjafjallajökull summit eruption, 14 April to 22 May 2010, and was clearly associated with changes in eruptive style. The tremor frequencies ranged between 0.5 and 10 Hz, with increased vigour during an effusive and explosive phase, in comparison with purely explosive phases. Higher-frequency tremor bursts early in the eruption were caused by processes at the eruption site. Location of the tremor using a method based on differential phase information extracted from interstation correlograms showed the tremor to be stable near the eruption vent, through time, for signals between 0.5 and 2 Hz. Analyses of power variations of the vertical component of the tremor with distance from the eruption site are consistent with tremor waveform content being dominated by surface waves in the 0.5–2 Hz frequency range. The tremor source depth was argued to be shallow, less than about 1 km. The attenuation quality factor (Q) was found to be on the order of Q = 10–20 for paths in the area around Eyjafjallajökull and Q = 20–50 for paths outside the volcano. The pattern of radiated wave energy from the tremor source varied with time, defining ten different epochs during the eruption. Thus the tremor-source radiation did not remain isotropic, which needs to be considered when locating tremor based on amplitude, that is azimuthally variable source radiation.
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| 3. |
- Li, Ka Lok, et al.
(författare)
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A double-correlation tremor-location method
- 2017
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 208:2, s. 1231-1236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A double-correlation method is introduced to locate tremor sources based on stacks of complex, doubly-correlated tremor records of multiple triplets of seismographs back projected to hypothetical source locations in a geographic grid. Peaks in the resulting stack of moduli are inferred source locations. The stack of the moduli is a robust measure of energy radiated from a point source or point sources even when the velocity information is imprecise. Application to real data shows how double correlation focuses the source mapping compared to the common single correlation approach. Synthetic tests demonstrate the robustness of the method and its resolution limitations which are controlled by the station geometry, the finite frequency of the signal, the quality of the used velocity information and noise level. Both random noise and signal or noise correlated at time shifts that are inconsistent with the assumed velocity structure can be effectively suppressed. Assuming a surface wave velocity, we can constrain the source location even if the surface wave component does not dominate. The method can also in principle be used with body waves in 3-D, although this requires more data and seismographs placed near the source for depth resolution.
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| 4. |
- Li, Ka Lok, et al.
(författare)
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A Probabilistic Tremor Location Method
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - : AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 47:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method to locate tremor with an unclear onset is introduced. The method maps envelopes of cross-correlated records from pairs of seismographs to signal likelihoods using Bayes' theorem. The likelihood time series are then back projected to obtain likelihoods of source location in space. Assuming that information derived from different station pairs is independent, the joint likelihood for all station pairs is the product of all individual station pair likelihoods. Its peak and spread give the most probable source location and its uncertainty. Robustness of the method has been evaluated with synthetic tests. The method recovers true location within 0.5 km with realistic noise characteristics in synthetic data. Uncertainty estimates are consistent with location deviations for sources inside the seismic network. When applied to real data from Katla and Eyjafjallajokull volcanoes in southern Iceland, their likely tremor source is also recovered within 1 km. Plain Language Summary Locating seismic sources is an important task in seismology. An accurate location of a volcanic event, for example, helps to understand processes within the volcano and sometimes to predict an eruption. Unlike earthquakes that usually manifest themselves as impulses in seismograms, many Earth processes, for example, continuous volcanic tremor, produce complex seismic signals without a clear onset. The timing of such processes cannot be measured. Therefore, traditional earthquake location methods fail. This article introduces a method to locate such processes. It maps the likelihood that a source occurs at any given location based on correlations of tremor recordings that are sensitive to the difference in propagation times of waves from the source to the two correlated recorders. The peak of this map is where the source location is most likely and its width provides information about its uncertainty. This is a major advance since most methods only yield an estimate of the location, not its uncertainty. The method has been tested with synthetic data that simulate realistic observational geometry and noise processes at volcanoes and is able to recover the true source location to within half a kilometer. Applications to real data at Katla and Eyjafjallajokull volcanoes in southern Iceland indicate similar accuracy.
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| 5. |
- Li, Ka Lok, et al.
(författare)
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Focusing patterns of seismicity with relocation and collapsing
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Seismology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1383-4649 .- 1573-157X. ; 20:3, s. 771-786
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seismicity is generally concentrated on faults or in fault zones of varying, sometimes complex geometry. An earthquake catalog, compiled over time, contains useful information about this geometry, which can help understanding the tectonics of a region. Interpreting the geometrical distribution of events in a catalog is often complicated by the diffuseness of the earthquake locations. Here, we explore a number of strategies to reduce this diffuseness and hence simplify the seismicity pattern of an earthquake catalog. These strategies utilize information about event locations contained in their overall catalog distribution. They apply this distribution as an a priori constraint on relocations of the events, or as an attractor for each individual event in a collapsing scheme, and thereby focus the locations. The latter strategy is not a relocation strategy in a strict sense, although event foci are moved, because the movements are not driven by data misfit. Both strategies simplify the seismicity pattern of the catalog and may help to interpret it. A synthetic example and a real-data example from an aftershock sequence in south west Iceland are presented to demonstrate application of the strategies. Entropy is used to quantify their effect.
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| 6. |
- Li, Ka Lok, et al.
(författare)
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Locating tremor using stacked products of correlations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 44:7, s. 3156-3164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We introduce a back-projection method to locate tremor sources using products of cross-correlation envelopes of time series between seismic stations. For a given subset of n stations, we calculate the (n - 1)th-order product of cross-correlation envelopes and we stack the back-projected products over combinations of station subsets. We show that compared to existing correlation methods and for realistic signal and noise characteristics, this way of combining information can significantly reduce the effects of correlated (spurious or irrelevant signals) and uncorrelated noise. Each back-projected product constitutes an individual localized estimate of the source locations, as opposed to a hyperbola for the existing correlation techniques, assuming a uniform velocity in two dimensions. We demonstrate the method with synthetic examples and a real-data example from tremor at Katla Volcano, Iceland, in July 2011. Despite very complex near-surface structure, including strong topography and thick ice cover, the method appears to produce robust estimates of tremor location.
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| 7. |
- Li, Ka Lok
(författare)
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Location and Relocation of Seismic Sources
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is a comprehensive summary of four papers on the development and application of new strategies for locating tremor and relocating events in earthquake catalogs.In the first paper, two new strategies for relocating events in a catalog are introduced. The seismicity pattern of an earthquake catalog is often used to delineate seismically active faults. However, the delineation is often hindered by the diffuseness of earthquake locations in the catalog. To reduce the diffuseness and simplify the seismicity pattern, a relocation and a collapsing method are developed and applied. The relocation method uses the catalog event density as an a priori constraint for relocations in a Bayesian inversion. The catalog event density is expressed in terms of the combined probability distribution of all events in the catalog. The collapsing method uses the same catalog density as an attractor for focusing the seismicity in an iterative scheme. These two strategies are applied to an aftershock sequence after a pair of earthquakes which occurred in southwest Iceland, 2008. The seismicity pattern is simplified by application of the methods and the faults of the mainshocks are delineated by the reworked catalog.In the second paper, the spatial distribution of seismicity of the Hengill region, southwest Iceland is analyzed. The relocation and collapsing methods developed in the first paper and a non-linear relocation strategy using empirical traveltime tables are used to process a catalog collected by the Icelandic Meteorological Office. The reworked catalog reproduces details of the spatial distribution of seismicity that independently emerges from relative relocations of a small subset of the catalog events. The processed catalog is then used to estimate the depth to the brittle-ductile transition. The estimates show that in general the northern part of the area, dominated by volcanic processes, has a shallower depth than the southern part, where tectonic deformation predominates.In the third and the fourth papers, two back-projection methods using inter-station cross correlations are proposed for locating tremor sources. For the first method, double correlations, defined as the cross correlations of correlations from two station pairs sharing a common reference station, are back projected. For the second method, the products of correlation envelopes from a group of stations sharing a common reference station are back projected. Back projecting these combinations of correlations, instead of single correlations, suppresses random noise and reduces the strong geometrical signature caused by the station configuration. These two methods are tested with volcanic tremor at Katla volcano, Iceland. The inferred source locations agree with surface observations related to volcanic events which occurred during the tremor period.
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| 8. |
- Li, Ka Lok, et al.
(författare)
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Seismic tremor reveals slow fracture propagation prior to the 2018 eruption at Sierra Negra volcano, Galapagos
- 2022
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Ingår i: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seismic tremor observed near active volcanoes is an important tool for volcano monitoring as it often appears shortly before eruptions. Although tremor can be generated by a variety of physical processes it is usually interpreted as direct evidence for flowing magma in the sub-surface. These interpretations typically feed into risk assessments for potential eruptions. Using the temporal evolution of tremor amplitude and spectral data from a distributed seismic network that captured the 2018 eruption at Sierra Negra in Galapagos, we determine that tremor is not directly related to sub-surface fluid movement. Instead at Sierra Negra tremor likely indicates a slowly propagating fracture, which is later exploited as a pathway for silent magma flow. Distinct differences in the source migration and the spectral character of pre-eruptive and co-eruptive tremor allow both a location estimate of the future eruption site and a precise timing of the eruption onset.
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| 9. |
- Li, Ka Lok, et al.
(författare)
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Seismicity of the Hengill area, SW Iceland : Details revealed by catalog relocation and collapsing
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-0273 .- 1872-6097. ; 376, s. 15-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The spatial distribution of seismicity in the Hengill region, SW Iceland, is analyzed by relocation and collapsing. The Hengill region is a diffuse triple junction with volcano-tectonic activity associated with rifting, tectonic activity on a transecting transform and induced seismicity due to drilling and injection of fluid into geothermal fields. The Icelandic Meteorological Office has compiled 114,000 events over a 20-year period within an area of approximately 600 km2. The events in their catalog are relocated by application of empirical travel-time tables using a non-linear location strategy. The relocations are then redone applying a Bayesian inversion using the catalog event density as a prior. Finally, they are collapsed using the same catalog density as an attractor. We show that this catalog processing reproduces details of the spatial pattern of seismicity that independently emerges from relative relocations of a small subset of the catalog events (swarm activity). In particular, the predominant faulting orientations are reproduced in different parts of the region and the depth distribution of events resembles that obtained by dense deployments in the area. Its depth extent varies between 5 and 7 km in the northern part of the region, where volcanic processes dominate, and between 7 and 8 km in the southern part, where tectonic deformation is predominant. Induced seismicity is shallower than adjacent natural seismicity. An intriguing lineation emerges in the lateral distribution of inferred depth to the brittle-ductile transition in the northern volcanic part of the region, which is parallel to the strike of the fissure swarms in the area. Associating this transition with an isotherm (650 °C), the Hengill volcanic system and its fissure swarm appear to be considerably cooler than the Hrómundartindur system. This may relate to a recent intrusion into the latter or more efficient cooling in the Hengill fissure swarm due to deeper penetrating permeability. In both cases this has potential consequences for geothermal exploitation in the area.
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| 10. |
- Sadeghisorkhani, Hamzeh, et al.
(författare)
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Shear wave structure of southern Sweden from precise phase-velocity measurements of ambient-noise data
- 2021
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 225:1, s. 494-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity tomography of southern Sweden is presented using ambient seismic noise at 36 stations (630 station pairs) of the Swedish National Seismic Network. We analyse 1 yr (2012) of continuous recordings to get the first crustal image based on the ambient-noise method in the area. Time-domain cross-correlations of the vertical component between the stations arc computed. Phase-velocity dispersion curves arc measured in the frequency domain by matching zero crossings of the real spectra of cross-correlations to the zero crossings of the zeroth-order Bessel function of the first kind. We analyse the effect of uneven source distributions on the phase-velocity dispersion curves and correct for the estimated velocity bias before tomography. To estimate the azimuthal source distribution to determine the bias, we perform inversions of amplitudes of cross-correlation envelopes in a number of period ranges. Then, we invert the measured and bias-corrected dispersion curves for phase-velocity maps at periods between 3 and 30 s. In addition, we investigate the effects of phase-velocity bias corrections on the inverted tomographic maps. The difference between bias-corrected and -uncorrected phase-velocity maps is small (<1.2 per cent), but the correction significantly reduces the residual data variance at long periods where the bias is biggest. To obtain a shear velocity model, we invert for a 1-D velocity profile at each geographical node. The results show some correlation with surface geology, regional seismicity and gravity anomalies in the upper crust. Below the upper crust, the results agree well with results from other seismological methods.
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