| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Huang, Qi, et al.
(författare)
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Effective photocatalytic sterilization based on composites of Ag/InVO4/BiOBr : Factors, mechanism and application
- 2023
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Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - 1383-5866 .- 1873-3794. ; 327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We hypothesized that photocatalysts with a low band gap could be useful in the sterilization of ceramic tiles in the natural environments of toilets using natural light in those settings. Certain photocatalysts can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light illumination, which in turn are bactericidal. The properties of the BiOBr-containing photocatalysts were tuned by creating junctions and heterostructures with Ag and InVO4 and studied with respect to their bactericidal effect in dispersion. The bactericidal mechanism was studied through experiments in which active species were captured and via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. At an optimal dosage of 0.5 g/L, the Ag/InVO4/BiOBr composite had a sterilization efficacy of 99.9999 % in 30 min under visible light illumination of 1000 W. It retained a sterilization efficacy of 99.999 % after four cycles. Anions such as Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− were shown to have no negative impact on sterilization efficacy. It was shown that the holes in the composite photocatalyst and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were mechanistically critical for the sterilization. The photocatalysts were also studied in the field in the natural environment of a restroom, where they were loaded on ceramic tiles. Samples were collected from the surface of the ceramic tiles and analyzed for bacterial cultures and microbial diversity. The results were compared in the scope of the sterilization ability of various agents at the microbial level. The ceramic tiles loaded with Ag/InVO4/BiOBr showed the least amount of bacteria on their surfaces, and the microbial community richness was also the lowest.
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| 3. |
- Zhang, Zenglei, et al.
(författare)
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Insulin resistance and its relationship with long-term exposure to ozone : Data based on a national population cohort
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - 0304-3894. ; 472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship of ozone (O3), particularly the long-term exposure, with impacting metabolic homeostasis in population was understudied and under-recognised. Here, we used data from ChinaHEART, a nationwide, population-based cohort study, combined with O3 and PM2.5 concentration data with high spatiotemporal resolution, to explore the independent association of exposure to O3 with the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR). Among the 271 540 participants included, the crude prevalence of IR was 39.1%, while the age and sex standardized prevalence stood at 33.0%. Higher IR prevalence was observed with each increase of 10.0 μg/m3 in long-term O3 exposure, yielding adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.084 (95% CI: 1.079–1.089) in the one-pollutant model and 1.073 (95% CI: 1.067–1.079) in the two-pollutant model. Notably, a significant additive interaction between O3 and PM2.5 on the prevalence of IR was observed (P for additive interaction < 0.001). Our main findings remained consistent and robust in the sensitivity analyses. Our study suggests long-term exposure to O3 was independently and positively associated with prevalence of IR. It emphasized the benefits of policy interventions to reduce O3 and PM2.5 exposure jointly, which could ultimately alleviate the health and economic burden related to DM.
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| 4. |
- Kreibich, Heidi, et al.
(författare)
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Panta Rhei benchmark dataset : Socio-hydrological data of paired events of floods and droughts
- 2023
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Ingår i: Earth System Science Data. - : Copernicus Publications. - 1866-3508 .- 1866-3516. ; 15:5, s. 2009-2023
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions, and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. Here we present a benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas and cover a wide range of socio-economic and hydro-climatic conditions. The dataset is unique in covering both floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed and in the quantity of socio-hydrological data. The benchmark dataset comprises (1) detailed review-style reports about the events and key processes between the two events of a pair; (2) the key data table containing variables that assess the indicators which characterize management shortcomings, hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and impacts of all events; and (3) a table of the indicators of change that indicate the differences between the first and second event of a pair. The advantages of the dataset are that it enables comparative analyses across all the paired events based on the indicators of change and allows for detailed context- and location-specific assessments based on the extensive data and reports of the individual study areas. The dataset can be used by the scientific community for exploratory data analyses, e.g. focused on causal links between risk management; changes in hazard, exposure and vulnerability; and flood or drought impacts. The data can also be used for the development, calibration, and validation of socio-hydrological models. The dataset is available to the public through the GFZ Data Services (Kreibich et al., 2023, 10.5880/GFZ.4.4.2023.001).
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| 5. |
- Kreibich, Heidi, et al.
(författare)
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The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 608:7921, s. 80-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk management has reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts globally, yet their impacts are still increasing. An improved understanding of the causes of changing impacts is therefore needed, but has been hampered by a lack of empirical data4,5. On the basis of a global dataset of 45 pairs of events that occurred within the same area, we show that risk management generally reduces the impacts of floods and droughts but faces difficulties in reducing the impacts of unprecedented events of a magnitude not previously experienced. If the second event was much more hazardous than the first, its impact was almost always higher. This is because management was not designed to deal with such extreme events: for example, they exceeded the design levels of levees and reservoirs. In two success stories, the impact of the second, more hazardous, event was lower, as a result of improved risk management governance and high investment in integrated management. The observed difficulty of managing unprecedented events is alarming, given that more extreme hydrological events are projected owing to climate change.
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| 6. |
- Li, Ying, et al.
(författare)
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Atmospheric Water Transport to the Endorheic Tibetan Plateau and Its Effect on the Hydrological Status in the Region
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. - 2169-897X .- 2169-8996. ; 124:23, s. 12864-12881
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. The endorheic Tibetan Plateau (ETP), which consists of all the endorheic basins of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), has exhibited an overall mass gain in recent decades. However, the role played by atmospheric water (AW) transport on the hydrological status over the ETP is poorly understood. In this study, the AW source to the ETP was tracked with the Water Accounting Model-2 layers (WAM-2) and AW transport to the ETP through its boundaries was quantified, with three reanalysis products (ERA-I, MERRA-2, and JRA-55) during 1979/1980–2015. It is found that total AW input to the ETP is about 13–25%, 59–71%, 10–13%, and 3–7% of mean annual totals in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. At annual scales, the AW source from land (52–54%) dominates the AW contribution to the ETP, while local recycling of AW over the ETP accounts for about 17–22% of the mean annual total AW contribution. Increased precipitation over the ETP during 1979–2015 was mostly attributed to the significantly increased AW contribution from the Indian Ocean, especially from increased AW inputs transported from the western and southern boundaries in summer. Comparisons between the AW budget and terrestrial water storage changes indicate that the AW budget change over the ETP modulated the variations of terrestrial water storage change during 2002–2014 and annual lake mass change during 1989–2015.
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| 7. |
- Shi, Tian-Le, et al.
(författare)
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Differential gene expression and potential regulatory network of fatty acid biosynthesis during fruit and leaf development in yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium), an oil-producing tree with significant deployment values
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Plant Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-462X. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Xanthoceras sorbifolium (yellowhorn) is a woody oil plant with super stress resistance and excellent oil characteristics. The yellowhorn oil can be used as biofuel and edible oil with high nutritional and medicinal value. However, genetic studies on yellowhorn are just in the beginning, and fundamental biological questions regarding its very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis pathway remain largely unknown. In this study, we reconstructed the VLCFA biosynthesis pathway and annotated 137 genes encoding relevant enzymes. We identified four oleosin genes that package triacylglycerols (TAGs) and are specifically expressed in fruits, likely playing key roles in yellowhorn oil production. Especially, by examining time-ordered gene co-expression network (TO-GCN) constructed from fruit and leaf developments, we identified key enzymatic genes and potential regulatory transcription factors involved in VLCFA synthesis. In fruits, we further inferred a hierarchical regulatory network with MYB-related (XS03G0296800) and B3 (XS02G0057600) transcription factors as top-tier regulators, providing clues into factors controlling carbon flux into fatty acids. Our results offer new insights into key genes and transcriptional regulators governing fatty acid production in yellowhorn, laying the foundation for efforts to optimize oil content and fatty acid composition. Moreover, the gene expression patterns and putative regulatory relationships identified here will inform metabolic engineering and molecular breeding approaches tailored to meet biofuel and bioproduct demands.
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| 8. |
- Zhang, Chi, et al.
(författare)
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Moisture source changes contributed to different precipitation changes over the northern and southern Tibetan Plateau
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Hydrometeorology. - 1525-755X .- 1525-7541. ; 20:2, s. 217-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 American Meteorological Society. Precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) showed different spatial changes during 1979-2016, with an increasing trend over the northern Tibetan Plateau (NTP) and a slightly negative trend over the southern Tibetan Plateau (STP). The changes in precipitation moisture sources over the NTP and STP are investigated using the improved Water Accounting Model with an atmospheric reanalysis as well as observational precipitation and evaporation data. The results show the region in the northwest (region NW), ranging from the TP to Europe dominated by the westerlies, provides 38.9% of precipitation moisture for the NTP, and the region in the southeast (region SE), ranging from the TP to the Indian Ocean and Indochina dominated by the Asian monsoons, provides 51.4% of precipitation moisture for the STP. For the precipitation increase over the NTP, the SE and TP are the main contributors, contributing around 35.8% and 51.7% of the increase, respectively. The contributions from the SE and TP to the STP are, however, minor and insignificant. Meanwhile, the NW shows a negative trend of -4.2 ± 2.9mmyr -1 decade -1 (significant at the 0.01 level), which contributes to the negative precipitation trend over the STP. Results during the wet season indicate that moisture sources from the areas dominated by the Asian monsoons have contributed more precipitated moisture for the NTP, but not for the STP. Further analysis reveals that precipitated moisture originating from the Indian subcontinent has increased for the NTP while it has decreased for the STP during 1979-2016.
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| 9. |
- Zhao, Deqiang, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Research Progress on Inactivation of Bacteriophages by Visible-Light Photocatalytic Composite Materials : A Mini Review
- 2024
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Ingår i: Materials. - 1996-1944. ; 17:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infectious diseases caused by waterborne viruses have attracted researchers’ great attention. To ensure a safe water environment, it is important to advance water treatment and disinfection technology. Photocatalytic technology offers an efficient and practical approach for achieving this goal. This paper reviews the latest studies on visible-light composite catalysts for bacteriophage inactivation, with a main focus on three distinct categories: modified UV materials, direct visible-light materials and carbon-based materials. This review gives an insight into the progress in photocatalytic material development and offers a promising solution for bacteriophage inactivation.
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