| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Zhang, Ben, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid solidification for green-solvent-processed large-area organic solar modules with >16% efficiency
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enabling green-solvent-processed large-area organic solar cells (OSCs) is of great significance to their industrialization. However, precisely controlling the temperature-dependent fluid mechanics and evaporation behavior of green solvents with high-boiling points is challenging. Controlling these parameters is essential to prevent the non-uniform distribution of active layer components and severe molecule aggregation, which collectively degrade the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of large-scale devices. In this study, we revealed that the temperature gradient distribution across a wet film is the root of the notorious Marangoni effect, which leads to the formation of a severely non-uniform active layer on a large scale. Thus, a rapid solidification strategy was proposed to accelerate the evaporation of toluene, a green solvent, at room temperature. This strategy simultaneously inhibits the Marangoni effect and suppresses molecular aggregation in the wet film, allowing the formation of a nano-scale phase separation active layer with uniform morphology. The resultant toluene-processed 15.64-cm2 large-area OSC module achieves an outstanding PCE of 16.03% (certified: 15.69%), which represents the highest reported PCE of green-solvent-processed OSC modules. Notably, this strategy also exhibits a weak scale dependence on the PCE, and we successfully achieved a state-of-the-art PCE of 14.45% for a 72.00-cm2 OSC module. A rapid solidification strategy was developed for simultaneously avoiding the Marangoni effect and suppressing molecular aggregation. The resultant 15.64 cm2 large-area OSC module exhibited a record power conversion efficiency of 16.03%.
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| 3. |
- Chen, Haiyang, et al.
(författare)
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A guest-assisted molecular-organization approach for >17% efficiency organic solar cells using environmentally friendly solvents
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Energy. - : NATURE PORTFOLIO. - 2058-7546. ; 6:11, s. 1045-1053
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of laboratory-sized organic solar cells (OSCs), usually processed from low-boiling-point and toxic solvents, have reached high values of over 18%. However, there is usually a notable drop of the PCEs when green solvents are used, limiting practical development of OSCs. Herein, we obtain certificated PCEs over 17% in OSCs processed from a green solvent paraxylene (PX) by a guest-assisted assembly strategy, where a third component (guest) is employed to manipulate the molecular interaction of the binary blend. In addition, the high-boiling-point green solvent PX also enables us to deposit a uniform large-area module (36 cm(2)) with a high efficiency of over 14%. The strong molecular interaction between the host and guest molecules also enhances the operational stability of the devices. Our guest-assisted assembly strategy provides a unique approach to develop large-area and high-efficiency OSCs processed from green solvents, paving the way for industrial development of OSCs. Organic solar cells processed from green solvents are easier to implement in manufacturing yet their efficiency is low. Chen et al. devise a guest molecule to improve the molecular packing, enabling devices with over 17% efficiency.
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| 4. |
- Chen, Haiyang, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous Nucleating Agent for High-Boiling-Point Nonhalogenated Solvent-Processed Organic Solar Cells and Modules
- 2024
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-boiling-point nonhalogenated solvents are superior solvents to produce large-area organic solar cells (OSCs) in industry because of their wide processing window and low toxicity; while, these solvents with slow evaporation kinetics will lead excessive aggregation of state-of-the-art small molecule acceptors (e.g. L8-BO), delivering serious efficiency losses. Here, a heterogeneous nucleating agent strategy is developed by grafting oligo (ethylene glycol) side-chains on L8-BO (BTO-BO). The formation energy of the obtained BTO-BO; while, changing from liquid in a solvent to a crystalline phase, is lower than that of L8-BO irrespective of the solvent type. When BTO-BO is added as the third component into the active layer (e.g. PM6:L8-BO), it easily assembles to form numerous seed crystals, which serve as nucleation sites to trigger heterogeneous nucleation and increase nucleation density of L8-BO through strong hydrogen bonding interactions even in high-boiling-point nonhalogenated solvents. Therefore, it can effectively suppress excessive aggregation during growth, achieving ideal phase-separation active layer with small domain sizes and high crystallinity. The resultant toluene-processed OSCs exhibit a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.42% (certificated 19.12%) with excellent operational stability. The strategy also has superior advantages in large-scale devices, showing a 15.03-cm2 module with a record PCE of 16.35% (certificated 15.97%). The heterogeneous nucleating agent (BTO-BO) is developed to suppress the excessive aggregation of L8-BO in high-boiling-point nonhalogenated solvents processing, achieving the active layer with high crystallinity and nano-scaled phase separation morphology. The resultant OSCs achieve record power conversion efficiencies of 19.42% (0.062-cm2) and 16.35% (15. 03-cm2) with excellent operational stabilities. image
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| 5. |
- Hu, Kaibo, et al.
(författare)
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Highly selective recovery of rare earth elements from mine wastewater by modifying kaolin with phosphoric acid
- 2023
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Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - : Elsevier. - 1383-5866 .- 1873-3794. ; 309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from mine wastewater is essential for maintaining rare earth reserves and sustainable application of REEs. In the present study, we prepared a phosphoric acid modified kaolin (P-K) adsorbent by a simple mechanochemical process for the selective recovery of REEs from rare earth wastewater. The impacts of phosphoric acid dosage, milling duration, initial pH, temperature, initial ion concentration, and adsorbent dosage on the selective adsorption of REEs were investigated. The findings demonstrate that the adsorption of REEs by P-K follows pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, and is dominated by chemical adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 19.82 mg/g at 50 ℃. Additionally, in an original mine wastewater, the recovery rate of REEs can reach more than 90%, whereas the adsorption rates of calcium, magnesium and, ammonia nitrogen (whose concentration is 18 times that of REEs) are nearly zero, indicating that P-K has extremely high selectivity for REEs. Furthermore, the feedstock solution containing 40 mg/L of REEs may be concentrated to 3510 mg/L following enrichment treatment, and 99.9% of the REEs are eluted using a low concentration of hydrochloric acid. The findings illustrate that P-K has a wide range of potential applications in the treatment of rare earth industrial effluents.
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| 6. |
- Qin, Ning, et al.
(författare)
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Increased CO 2 fixation enables high carbon-yield production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid in yeast
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - 2041-1723 .- 2041-1723. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CO2 fixation plays a key role to make biobased production cost competitive. Here, we use 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) to showcase how CO2 fixation enables approaching theoretical-yield production. Using genome-scale metabolic models to calculate the production envelope, we demonstrate that the provision of bicarbonate, formed from CO2, restricts previous attempts for high yield production of 3-HP. We thus develop multiple strategies for bicarbonate uptake, including the identification of Sul1 as a potential bicarbonate transporter, domain swapping of malonyl-CoA reductase, identification of Esbp6 as a potential 3-HP exporter, and deletion of Uga1 to prevent 3-HP degradation. The combined rational engineering increases 3-HP production from 0.14 g/L to 11.25 g/L in shake flask using 20 g/L glucose, approaching the maximum theoretical yield with concurrent biomass formation. The engineered yeast forms the basis for commercialization of bio-acrylic acid, while our CO2 fixation strategies pave the way for CO2 being used as the sole carbon source.
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| 7. |
- Yang, Heyi, et al.
(författare)
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Composition-Conditioning Agent for Doped Spiro-OMeTAD to Realize Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 12:44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The doped Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport layer (HTL) formed using the lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide salt and 4-tert-butylpyridine with phenethylammonium iodide surface treatment on a perovskite film has continuously dominated the record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (pero-SCs). However, unstable HTL compositions and iodide salts can cause severe device degradation. In this study, an HTL composition-conditioning agent (CCA), Spiro-BD-2OEG, is designed, which contains a Spiro-OMeTAD-like backbone, functional pyridine units, and oligo (ethylene glycol) chains. This finely designed CCA presents good miscibility with Spiro-OMeTAD and its dopants and acts as a conditioning agent through weak bond interactions. As a result, the CCA-regulated HTL shows a pinhole-free and smooth morphology with enhanced Spiro-OMeTAD ordering and improves dopant stability. In addition, the gradient-distributed CCA in the HTL can narrow the energy level offset with the valence band of the perovskite. The resultant pero-SCs exhibit an excellent PCE of 24.19% without any interface treatment and weak size dependence. A remarkable PCE of 22.63% is obtained even for a 1.004-cm(2) device. Importantly, the strategy shows good universality and significantly promotes the long-term stability of the pero-SCs based on the classical doped Spiro-OMeTAD.
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| 8. |
- Elfer, Katherine, et al.
(författare)
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Reproducible Reporting of the Collection and Evaluation of Annotations for Artificial Intelligence Models
- 2024
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Ingår i: Modern Pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. - 1530-0285. ; 37:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work advances and demonstrates the utility of a reporting framework for collecting and evaluating annotations of medical images used for training and testing artificial intelligence (AI) models in assisting detection and diagnosis. AI has unique reporting requirements, as shown by the AI extensions to the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) and SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) checklists and the proposed AI extensions to the STARD (Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy) and TRIPOD (Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis) checklists. AI for detection and/or diagnostic image analysis requires complete, reproducible, and transparent reporting of the annotations and metadata used in training and testing datasets. Prior work by Wahab et al. proposed an annotation workflow and quality checklist for computational pathology annotations. In this manuscript, we operationalize this workflow into an evaluable quality checklist that applies to any reader-interpreted medical images, and we demonstrate its use for an annotation effort in digital pathology. We refer to this quality framework as CLEARR-AI: The Collection and Evaluation of Annotations for Reproducible Reporting of Artificial Intelligence.
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| 9. |
- Guo, Shilong, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation on bluff-body and swirl stabilized flames near lean blowoff with PIV/PLIF measurements and LES modelling
- 2019
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311. ; 160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lean premixed combustion (LPC) is a promising technology for low-NOx emission, while it increases the risk of blowoff at the same time. Experiments and Large Eddy Simulations (LES) on swirl stratified lean-premixed CH4/air flames were performed to study the differences between the stable and near blowoff flame. The flow fields and instantaneous flame structures were measured by simultaneous Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (OH-PLIF). The Thickened Flame (TF) model coupled with a two-step reduced chemical mechanism was used in LES modelling. The non-dynamic formulation of sub-grid flame wrinkling model is performed well for stable condition while it cannot predict the near lean blowoff flame reasonable. Compared with the stable flame, several significant differences can be observed in the near lean blowoff flame. The height of high-temperature-zone is relatively low and the heat loss of flame attachment can be easily enhanced by the low temperature spot induced by flame-vortex interaction. The flame attachment is subject to higher excess strain rate and turbulence fluctuation. Meanwhile, a Processing Vortex Core (PVC) appears downstream of the centerline. It is concluded that lean blowoff is the result of interactions between the fuel/air mixture ignition, PVC instability and flame attachment lift-off.
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| 10. |
- Hua, Shugui, et al.
(författare)
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An Efficient Implementation of the Generalized Energy-Based Fragmentation Approach for General Large Molecules
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1089-5639 .- 1520-5215. ; 114:31, s. 8126-8134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An efficient implementation of the generalized energy-based fragmentation (GEBF) approach (Li, W.; Li, S.; Jiang, Y. J Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 2193) for treating a wide range of large molecules is presented. In this implementation, the fragmentation process can be automatically done for a general molecule, with only some functional groups defined by users. A new and fast scheme is designed for the generation of various subsystems and the derivation of their coefficients. The newly implemented GEBF approach has been applied to several large molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, and supermolecules with fused aromatic rings. Test calculations within the Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) framework demonstrate that the GEBF approach can provide reasonably accurate ground-state energies and optimized structures, which are in good agreement with those from conventional HF or DFT calculations. The GEBF approach implemented in this work can now be employed by nonexpert users to compute energies, optimized structures, and some molecular properties at various ab initio levels for a broad range of large molecules on ordinary PC workstations.
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