| 2. |
- Bergendahl, Carl Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
-
Environmental and Economic Implications of a Shift to Halogen-Free Printed Wiring Boards
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Circuit world. - : Emerald. - 0305-6120 .- 1758-602X. ; 31:3, s. 26-31
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – To present the outcome from one case study in the EU project grEEEn (Cost Management System for greening Electrical and Electronic Equipment). The study addressed the material shift in printed wiring boards (PWBs), from the traditional FR4 material containing halogenated flame retardants to halogen-free FR4 materials. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents by way of introduction the grEEEn method. From the product, process and scenario modelling the results from the analysis of cost, environmental profile and legal compliance are presented and discussed. Findings – It was found that the shift to the halogen-free material leads to a slight increase in environmental burden. However, the shift to a halogen-free material could mean that toxic substances are eliminated or reduced resulting in an overall improvement of the environmental performance. The shift causes an increase in cost ranging between nearly zero and 10 ? per PWB panel. Originality/value – The paper presents results from the first study on the shift from FR4 material containing halogenated flame retardants to halogen-free FR4 materials and comprises an analysis of the economic, environmental and legislative implications.
|
|
| 3. |
- Steen, Bengt, 1944, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating external effects into life cycle costing
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Environmental Life Cycle Costing. - : CRC Press. - 9781420054736 ; , s. 59-76
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter addresses the issue of external costs. These are, specifically, nonreal monetary flows that can become relevant and be monetized in the decisionrelevant future or for which an economic assessment is preferred. As such, the issue of externalization has its principal bearing on societal LCC. The issue of how to account for, and possibly aggregate, a large number of social indicators (more than 200) is elaborated. The business link to sustainability, as well as the effect of a vanguard position in regard to societal and environmental behavior for firms, is presented. As societal assessment is in its infancy, and societal LCCs are few in number, this chapter, more than any other in this book, underlines the fundamentals while also proposing means to internalize costs for an idealized washing machine case.
|
|
