| 1. |
- Bengt, Göransson, et al.
(författare)
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Usability Design : Extending Rational Unified Process with a New Discipline
- 2003
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Ingår i: Interactive Systems: Design, Specification and Verification, 10th International Workshop, DSV-IS 2003, Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, June 2003, Revised Papers, LNCS 2844. - 3540201599 ; , s. 316-330
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Information Utilization (AIU)
- 1997
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 9:3, s. 255-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of information utilization (AIU) is a method for describing and analyzing how information entities identified in information analysis are being used in the work situation. AIU aims at complementing existing methods for user interface design by identifying additional requirements for human-computer interaction. The method focuses on aspects, of computer-supported work, related to cognitive load, aspects of which end users often not are explicitly aware. For skilled workers in a professional work environment, the efficiency of the user interface is extremely important. We earlier stressed that important criteria for design of user interfaces deals with making the interface "obvious" to the users, by minimizing the cognitive load associated with the handling of it. AIU is performed through observation interviews in which human-computer experts interview representative users about their work situation and observe physical information-handling routines. The analysis identifies work tasks in terms of judgments and decision-making situations, requirements concerning the tasks that may have to be performed simultaneously, important features and priorities of the information, actions the user can initiate and so on. The method supports the interface designer with human-computer interaction requirements structured for a workspace-oriented design. It is integrated in user-centered development model and supports the simultaneous development of competence, organization, work activity, and information technology. This article describes the background and contents of the method and how the results of the analysis are documented and used in the design process. A number of application projects have shown that AIU makes it possible to capture aspects of human work and information processing that are important to the design of better interfaces. AIU is not a new method for system development but complements today methods for task and information analysis with more...
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| 4. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of information utilization (AIU)
- 1997
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Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION. - 1044-7318. ; 9:3, s. 255-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of information utilisation (AIU) is a method for specifying how information entities encountered in information analysis are being physically manipulated in the work situation undergoing analysis. It focuses especially on factors affecting cognitive load. The method supports the human-computer interface designer with relevant and appropriate information structured specifically for a document oriented design methodology. It gives a suitable basis for user centred interface design, without the possible limitations that improper user participation could cause, and focuses on all aspects relevant for a ”good” work environment, such as competence, organisation, work activity and information technology development.Analysis of information utilisation is performed through ”observation-interviews” in which a human-computer expert interviews a typical user about his work situation in the domain of work and observes information handling routines that the user might not be aware of. A number of development projects have shown that this method can constitute an additional step in existing methodologies for capturing aspects of the work situation that can be directly design controlling. This paper describes the method of analysis of information utilisation, and what information that has to be documented while performing the method. It suggests how the method can be incorporated into existing in-house development methodologies, and gives an example of documented analysis results from a development project within the Swedish National Tax Board.
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| 5. |
- Göransson, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
-
Usability Design - Extending rational unified process with a new discipline
- 2003
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Ingår i: INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS: DESIGN, SPECIFICATION, AND VERIFICATION. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 3540201599 ; , s. 316-330
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- new discipline, Usability Design, is proposed as an extension to Rational Unified Process (RUP). The aim is to make RUP more user-centred. The discipline springs out of best practices for user-centred design and contains activities that have been carefully tested. Five new roles are introduced to take responsibility for the different activities. An example is given to show the content of the workflow, the workflow details and the activities. The Usability Design discipline help projects to focus on usability and the users throughout the system development lifecycle.
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| 6. |
- Lif, Anna, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Fischer-Tropsch diesel emulsions stabilised by microfibrillated cellulose and nonionic surfactants
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-7103 .- 0021-9797. ; 352:2, s. 585-592
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water-in-diesel emulsion fuels have been prepared with a combination of sorbitan monolaurate and glycerol monooleate as emulsifier and with microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) of different hydrophilic/hydrophobic character as stabilizer. The MFC was treated with either octadecylamine or poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), resulting in very hydrophobic fibrils. The most stable emulsion was achieved with a combination of hydrophilic (untreated) and hydrophobic MFC and only minute amounts of the stabilizer gave a pronounced effect. Even with the optimized formulation the lifetime of the emulsion was shorter than previously reported when a conventional polymeric stabilizer was used, however. The water drop sizes in the emulsions were determined by three methods: optical images, light scattering, and NMR diffusometry. All three methods gave water drops sizes of ca 2 μm. The NMR diffusometry indicated that besides the micrometer-sized emulsion drops a significant fraction of the water is present in small droplets of micelle size. The chemical exchange of water between these two populations of pools is believed to be the reason for the relatively low stability of the system.
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| 7. |
- Lif, Anna, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Fuel emulsions and microemulsions based on Fischer-Tropsch diesel
- 2010
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Ingår i: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4359 .- 0927-7757. ; 354:1-3, s. 91-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emulsions and microemulsions of water in Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel have been investigated regarding microstructure and emissions from combustion. Both the emulsions and the microemulsions were formed with only nonionic surfactants in order not to introduce other elements than C, O and H. The microstructure and the drop dimensions were investigated by means of NMR diffusometry and, for the emulsions, also with light microscopy. The water drop sizes in the emulsions were overestimated by the NMR method compared to the light microscopy. The NMR investigation of the microemulsions indicated that when small amphiphiles were used in the formulation a highly dynamic system formed compared to microemulsions formulated with more traditional surfactants, like sorbitan monooleate and long-chain alcohol ethoxylates. Combustion experiments were performed with emulsions of FT-diesel and of regular diesel and the emissions of nitrogen oxides and soot were monitored and compared with the levels obtained with water-free diesel. The emissions from combustion of FT-diesel in a standard diesel engine gave lower levels of nitrogen oxides and soot compared to regular diesel. introducing water in the form of an emulsion gave a strong further reduction of the soot level.
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| 8. |
- Lif, Anna, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Optical studies of spray development and combustion of water-in-diesel emulsion and microemulsion fuels
- 2010
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Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361. ; 89:1, s. 122-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physical properties, spray behaviour and combustion characteristics of a water-in-diesel emulsion, a water-in-diesel microemulsion and a conventional diesel fuel were investigated. The size of the drops, in the water-containing fuels, was measured by NMR diffusometry. Spray development and combustion were studied by optical methods in an optically accessed combustion vessel at conditions similar to those in a diesel engine. High speed shadowgraphs were employed to measure break-up, droplets penetration, vapour penetration and start of combustion. Combustion duration, flame temperature and relative soot concentration were determined by emission-based methods. Differences in spray behaviour suggest an enhanced atomisation for the water-containing fuels compared to regular diesel fuel. Moreover, reduced soot concentrations and flame temperature with increased combustion duration were noticed for the water-in-diesel fuels than for the regular diesel fuel.
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| 9. |
- Lif, Anna, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of soot emissions when combusting water-in-diesel emulsion and microemulsion fuel in a direct injection diesel engine
- 2007
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Paper. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emissions from a direct injection diesel engine measured according to the ECE R49 13-mode cycle and as a function of exhaust gas recirculation are compared for diesel fuel without water addition, and for water-in-diesel as emulsion and microemulsion. The effect of water addition on the soot emissions was remarkably strong for both the emulsion and microemulsion fuels. The average weighted soot emission values for the 13-mode cycle were 0.0024 and 0.0023 g/kWh for the two most interesting emulsion and microemulsion fuels tested, respectively; 5-fold lower than the US 2007 emission limit.
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| 10. |
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