| 1. |
- Heegård, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Geomorphic coding in Palula and Kalasha
- 2018
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Ingår i: Acta Linguistica Hafniensia. International Journal of Structural Linguistics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0374-0463 .- 1949-0763. ; 50:2, s. 129-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article describes the geomorphic systems of spatial reference in the two Indo-Aryan languages Palula and Kalasha, spoken in adjacent areas of an alpine region in Northwestern Pakistan. Palula and Kalasha encode the inclination of the mountain slope as well as the flow of the river, in systematic and similar ways, and by use of distinct sets of nominal lexemes that may function adverbially. In their verbal systems, only Palula encode, landscape features in a systematic way, but both languages make use of a number of verbal sets that in different ways emphasise boundary-crossing. The article relates the analysis to Palmer's Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis that predicts that the linguistic system of spatial reference will reflect the topography of the surrounding landscape. The analysis of the geomorphic systems in Palula and Kalasha supports this hypothesis. However, data from a survey of spatial strategies in neighbouring languages, i.e., languages spoken in a similar alpine landscape, reveal another system that does not to the same extent or in a similar way encode typical landscape features such as the mountain slope and the flow of the river. This calls for a revision of Palmer's hypothesis that also takes language contact into consideration.
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| 2. |
- Heegård Petersen, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Narrative structures in languages of the Hindu Kush : A preliminary corpus-based study
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing body of areal-typological as well as descriptive studies on languages of the linguistically rich and diverse Hindu Kush region of High Asia (Bashir 2016; Liljegren 2020b), but comparatively little attention has been given to properties related to discourse structures and the characteristics of e.g. storytelling and other primarily oral genres (Heegård Petersen 2015: 75–82; Obrtelová 2019; Schmidt 2003). In the present study, documentation corpora, consisting primarily of narratives with single speakers, have been analysed, with the explicit goal of establishing an areal typology of narrative structures. While the analytical focus is on well-annotated corpora of two selected Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the region that have been subject to modern documentation efforts, additional comparisons are made with – more or less thoroughly – annotated text data from past or ongoing documentation efforts in neighbouring languages.Some of the characteristics of Hindu Kush narratives – while far from forming a complete orstructured list – are: a) a high frequency of discourse markers signalling e.g. new developments, topic-shifting or contrast; b) the occurrence of tail-head-linkage and cosubordination (Haspelmath 1995: 20–27); c) the occurrence of “dramatizing” or “intensifying” features, e.g. by means of reduplication or prosodic features such as lengthening, laryngealization or creaky voice; d) feedback prompting, gestural or explicitly expressed as ‘did you understand?’; e) a frequent – although not necessarily a fully grammaticalized - use of evidentiality markers/contrasts, signalling e.g. hearsay, reported speech or reported perception (Bashir 2010; Liljegren 2020a: 147–150); f) formulaic expressions, occurring primarily in the opening or closing phases of a narrative; and g) contents referring to otherwise rarely mentioned mythical creatures or former (particularly pre-Islamic) religious practices (Schmidt 2006).While this investigation is largely descriptive by nature, we aim at addressing to what extent the structures that have been identified can be defined as truly area-specific or culture specific, or whether these properties in fact largely line up with more general observations made about narratives.
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| 3. |
- Heggarty, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 381:6656
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Languages of the Indo-European family are spoken by almost half of the world’s population, but their origins and patterns of spread are disputed. Heggarty et al. present a database of 109 modern and 52 time-calibrated historical Indo-European languages, which they analyzed with models of Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Their results suggest an emergence of Indo-European languages around 8000 years before present. This is a deeper root date than previously thought, and it fits with an initial origin south of the Caucasus followed by a branch northward into the Steppe region. These findings lead to a “hybrid hypothesis” that reconciles current linguistic and ancient DNA evidence from both the eastern Fertile Crescent (as a primary source) and the steppe (as a secondary homeland).
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| 4. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Language Typology and Syntactic Description
- 2013
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Ingår i: Linguistic typology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1430-0532 .- 1613-415X. ; 17:1, s. 107-156
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Semantic patterns from an areal perspective
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781107051614 - 9781107279872 ; , s. 204-236
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Kowalik, Richard, 1989-
(författare)
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Towards a grammar of spoken South Saami
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is a grammatical description of South Saami, a Uralic language traditionally spoken in central Sweden and Norway. South Saami has today around 500 speakers, many of whom live far from each other. The language has the status of an official language in Norway and is an officially recognized minority language in Sweden. The speakers have been subject to various assimilation policies especially in the previous century. However, in recent times, the language has received substantive support and currently there are a number of revitalization initiatives. The language variety described here is the spoken language of older heritage speakers. Their language may differ from the emerging (written) standard language and contains many features that have not been described previously. This study is the first comprehensive description of South Saami since the 1940s. It is based on fieldwork conducted between 2017 and 2020, resulting in a corpus of 35 hours of recordings. The speakers interviewed for this thesis are functional bilinguals with South Saami and either Norwegian or Swedish. Consequently, the language described here is the product of a long-standing contact with these languages.The description is grounded in Basic Linguistic Theory and covers phonology, morphology and syntax. The phonological analysis presented here is the first modern comprehensive description of the sound system of South Saami together with various phonotactic relations as well as basic analyses of prosody. The part devoted to morphology covers the main word classes and their inflectional patterns. Form-function relationships are also discussed extensively in pertinent chapters. Topics typically related to syntax such as grammatical relations, simple and complex clauses are reviewed in detail. Word formation and two cross-linguistically universal domains such as questions and negation are treated in chapters of their own. The thesis concludes with two texts from the corpus, provided with morphological glossing and translation into English.The analyses presented in the thesis are illustrated by examples from the corpus, and whenever possible by examples that represent naturalistic language. The grammar is descriptive in nature and typologically informed. Comparison to other Saamic languages is provided when necessary, either to show similarities or highlight differences between the languages. Features that characterize South Saami are preaspiration and sonorant devoicing, umlaut and a large vowel inventory in the domain of phonology. The language has generally agglutinative morphology. South Saami has a logophoric pronoun and an optional dual category in verb inflection. The pragmatically neutral word order is SOV. The language uses differential object marking. Furthermore, we observe different clause-initial question particles, an optional copula in non-verbal predications and an optional auxiliary in periphrastic tenses. Similarly to other Uralic languages, South Saami has a negative auxiliary that inflects for person and number. Unlike most other Saamic languages, the negative auxiliary also inflects for tense. Another substantive difference between South Saami and other Saamic languages is the encoding of predicative possession by a non-verbal construction where the possessor is indicated by genitive marking. However, predicative possession in South Saami can be also encoded by the transitive verb utnedh ‘have’, which is similar to the encoding of predicative possession in other Saamic languages.
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| 7. |
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Languages of Northern Pakistan : Essays in Memory of Carla Radloff
- 2022
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book is a unique collection of papers on the languages and cultures in the northern areas of Pakistan and the surrounding regions. In a single volume, the editors have compiled the work of a variety of national and international scholars, long concerned with the linguistic aspects of the many languages discussed here. The basis for most of the articles is material collected in areas difficult to access, presented here in print for the first time. The material sometimes concerns languages likely to soon disappear. The different chapters reflect many of the complex regions and languages of northern Pakistan and its surrounding areas, thus being of interest to linguistic scholars across the world. This volume is dedicated to the memory of Carla Radloff, who was a well-known contributor to studies of the languages of northern Pakistan until her untimely death in 2012.
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| 8. |
- Liljegren, Henrik, 1968-
(författare)
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A grammar of Palula
- 2016
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This grammar provides a grammatical description of Palula, an Indo-Aryan language of the Shina group. The language is spoken by about 10,000 people in the Chitral district in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. This is the first extensive description of the formerly little-documented Palula language, and is one of only a few in-depth studies available for languages in the extremely multilingual Hindukush-Karakoram region. The grammar is based on original fieldwork data, collected over the course of about ten years, commencing in 1998. It is primarily in the form of recorded, mainly narrative, texts, but supplemented by targeted elicitation as well as notes of observed language use. All fieldwork was conducted in close collaboration with the Palula-speaking community, and a number of native speakers took active part in the process of data gathering, annotation and data management. The main areas covered are phonology, morphology and syntax, illustrated with a large number of example items and utterances, but also a few selected lexical topics of some prominence have received a more detailed treatment as part of the morphosyntactic structure. Suggestions for further research that should be undertaken are given throughout the grammar. The approach is theory-informed rather than theory-driven, but an underlying functional-typological framework is assumed. Diachronic development is taken into account, particularly in the area of morphology, and comparisons with other languages and references to areal phenomena are included insofar as they are motivated and available. The description also provides a brief introduction to the speaker community and their immediate environment.
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| 9. |
- Liljegren, Henrik, 1968-
(författare)
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A survey of alignment features in the Greater Hindukush with special references to Indo-Aryan
- 2014
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Ingår i: On Diversity and Complexity of Languages Spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027259295 ; , s. 133-174
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Hindukush Indo-Aryan (‘Dardic’) languages (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir) display a great range of variation in alignment patterns. The diversity is primarily evidenced in the case marking of core argument noun phrases and verbal person marking properties. Along these parameters, six distinct alignment types emerge, each, in combination with language-specific developments, reflecting contact-induced changes that can be attributed to three significant areas or subareas that conflate in the region: first, a large Persian-dominated area overlapping with the Western part of the region, characterized by overt patient marking; second, an area in the East with e.g. ancient Tibetan influences, characterized by overt agent marking; and third, an area in the South bordering on the influential Hindi-Urdu belt, stretching over large parts of the Indian Subcontinent, characterized by patient agreement in the perfective.
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| 10. |
- Liljegren, Henrik, 1968-
(författare)
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Big Mamas, Little Papas and Milk Brothers : Kin classification and other semantic isoglosses in the Hindu Kush-Karakoram
- 2017
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Hindu Kush-Karakoram, or the mountain region of northern Pakistan, north-eastern Afghanistan and the northern-most part of Indian Kashmir, is home to approximately 50 languages belonging to six different genera: Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Tibeto-Burman, Turkic and the isolate Burushaski. Areality research in this region is only in its early stages, and while its significance as a convergence area has been suggested by several scholars (Toporov 1970; Èdel’man 1980; 1983:16; Bashir 1996; 2003:823; Tikkanen 1999; 2008; Baart 2014), only a few, primarily phonological and grammatical, features have been studied in a more systematic fashion. Cross-linguistic research in the realms of semantics and lexical organization has been given considerably less attention, but preliminary findings (Liljegren 2017:143–148; Koptjevskaja-Tamm & Liljegren 2017) indicate that features are geographically bundled with one another, across genera, in significant ways, displaying semantic areality on multiple levels throughout the region or in one or more of its sub-regions. A number of semantic features are being investigated in an ongoing areal-linguistic study, in which first-hand data has been collected from speakers of most of the region’s many languages.A highly promising domain for research is kinship systems and the way in which their distributions reflect cross-community relationships. Taking kinship terms for one’s parents and their siblings as an example, a number of the region’s centrally located languages have a basic term covering both ‘father’ and ‘father’s brother’ (often lexically distinct from ‘mother’s brother’), with the latter meaning becoming lexicalized in combinations with qualifying adjectives ‘big’ and ‘small’, where big father is one’s father’s older brother and small father is one’s father’s younger brother. Similarly, there is a widespread polysemy pattern for ‘mother’ and ‘mother’s sister’, but again with ‘big’ and ‘small’ only used for ‘mother’s sister’. This pattern, found in a number of Indo-Aryan and Nuristani languages also reflects what has been posited as the ancestral kin terminology of Burushaski (Parkin 1987:165), the region’s only language isolate, while also being the terminology used in Balti, the nearest Tibeto-Burman neighbour. In contrast, languages in a southern belt instead uses a maximum differentiating terminology (F≠FB≠MB≠M≠MZ≠FZ), thus aligning itself with lowland Punjabi kin organization; and at the northwestern periphery, a cluster of languages, Indo-Aryan as well as Iranian, instead use an “aunt” (MZ=FZ≠M) and “uncle” (FB=MB≠F) terminology.Comparisons are made between the geographical distribution of kinship systems and those of a few other convergence features similarly related to the organization of entire semantic domains (particularly numerals, calendrical expressions, spatial reference and demonstratives), polysemy sharing, shared lexico-constructional patterns and area-specific lexicalizations. In a few cases, particular patterns or configurations cluster both with one another, with the presence of other linguistic features (for example rare phoneme sets, contrasting constructions and kinship suffixes) as well as with non-linguistic factors such as shared cultural values or religious (particularly pre-Muslim) identities and a long history of close cross-community interaction and intermarriage (Liljegren & Svärd 2017).
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