| 1. |
- Björk, Folke, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Vattenskador på bostäder – omfattning och kostnader : Slutrapport av ett uppdrag från Boverket
- 2018
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vattenskadorna kostar försäkringsbolag och fastighetsägare stora belopp varje år. I runda tal sker det varje år vattenskador i en lägenhet av 150 och varje skada kostar i snitt något över 100 000 kr.Bland företag med mer än 10 000 lägenheter anser 40% att det är ett stort problem. De mindre företagen bedömer inte att problemen är så stora, vilket kan hänga ihop med att de har bättre kontroll på sina fastigheter.Problem finns i alla delar av byggnaden där det finns vatten: badrum, kök, tvättstuga etc.Vissa småhusfabrikanter säljer enbart huset och ser VVS- och våtrumsfrågorna som entreprenörernas ansvar. Samordningen blir då lidande och man arbetar inte lika systematiskt som andra med att dra lärdomar och förebygga skador. Det kan sägas att den samordning som kan krävas mellan grundentreprenörer, byggentreprenörer och VVS-entreprenörer vid byggandet av ett småhus är ganska komplicerat. Även om många byggare aktivt arbetar med att förebygga skador, så kan informationsåterföring och koppling mellan drift och byggande förbättras.Många av vattenskaderiskerna handlar om detaljlösningar av tätskiktsutförande och utformning av VVS-installationer. Projekteringen kräver kunskaper om dessa lösningar. Här skulle kanske mer utbildning och information i dessa frågor kunna ge bättre lösningar. Vid byggandet finns det inte sällan flera led av underentreprenörer vilket gör att byggherren kan tappa kontrollen över kompetens, engagemang och yrkesskicklighet hos de som verkligen utför våtrum med tätskikt och VVS-installationer. Kanske skulle arbetet med elinstallationer kunna vara ett mönster, med tydliga formella krav på de som utför dessa arbeten.Det finns vissa konstruktioner som pekas ut som särskilt riskfyllda, t ex golvbrunnar och särskilt golvbrunnar i hörn och golvrännor. Problem finns även med våtrum utan tröskel eller då trösklar är för låga eller inte tillräckligt täta. Ett problem är att många bostadsrättsköpare av estetiska skäl vill ha inbyggda rör utan att kanske förstå de risker som det innebär.En intressant utveckling är att olika former av sensorer kan installeras för att upptäcka läckor tidigt och kopplas till vattenfelsbrytare som kan stänga av vattnet.Under förvaltningsskedet bör regelbundna inspektioner göras för att tidigt hitta fel. Här kan enskilda småhusägare och bostadsrättsföreningen behöva hjälp av försäkringsbolag som vet var fel brukar uppstå, t ex att korrosionsskador är relativt vanliga. Kanske särskilt i bostadsrättsföreningar kan sådana inspektioner vara viktiga eftersom den enskilda bostadsrättshavaren inte alltid vet vad denne får och inte får göra.Försäkringsbolagen kan även ställa högre krav på att bostadsrättsföreningar har genomarbetade underhållsplaner med förebyggande underhåll på centrala komponenter som kan leda till vattenskador och att underhållsplanerna följs upp. Man kan också kräva att renovering utförs i ”rätt” ordning. Genom att genomföra stambyte innan ytskikt i våtrum renoveras finns en del att spara och det kan ge ett mer vattensäkert resultat.När det gäller flerfamiljshus kan branschorganisationerna vara mer aktiva med att samla och sammanställa information som kan leda till att de enskilda fastighetsägarna blir mer vaksamma och vet vad de särskilt ska hålla koll på. Det finns skäl att motivera flerbostadshusförvaltare att registrera och systematisera fakta om vattenskador. Detta skulle medföra bättre kunskaper om vattenskaderisker och vara till hjälp för framtida utformning av krav och rekommendationer. Det skulle också kunna ingå i utbildning för arkitekter, ingenjörer och fastighetstekniker.
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| 2. |
- Engström, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Blood pressure increase and incidence of hypertension in relation to inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. - 1524-4636. ; 22:12, s. 2054-2058
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective— The reasons for the relationship between inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins (ISPs) and incidence of cardiovascular diseases are poorly understood. This study explored the hypothesis that ISPs are associated with future hypertension and age-related blood pressure increase. Method and Results— Blood pressure and plasma levels of fibrinogen, {alpha}1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and orosomucoid were determined in 2262 healthy men aged 35 to 50 years, initially without treatment for hypertension. The cohort was re-examined after 15.7 (±2.2) years. Incidence of hypertension and blood pressure increase was studied in relation to number of elevated proteins (ie, in the top quartile) at baseline. Among men without treatment for hypertension at follow-up, mean (±SD) increase in systolic blood pressure was 18.8±17, 19.2±17, 19.3±17, and 22.1±18 mm Hg, respectively, for men with 0, 1, 2, and >=3 elevated proteins (P for trend=0.02, adjusted for confounders). The corresponding values for pulse pressure increase was 15.5±14, 15.8±14, 17.4±14, and 17.8±15 mm Hg, respectively (P=0.02). Incidence of hypertension (>=160/95 mm Hg or treatment) and future blood pressure treatment showed similar associations with ISPs. Increase in diastolic blood pressure showed no association with ISPs. Conclusions— Plasma levels of ISPs are associated with a future increase in blood pressure. This could contribute to the relationship between ISP levels and cardiovascular disease.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Engström, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins and incidence of myocardial infarction in men with low cardiovascular risk.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. - 1524-4636. ; 23:12, s. 2247-2251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective— Myocardial infarction (MI) is sometimes experienced by individuals without any traditional risk factor. This prospective study explored whether incidence of MI in nonsmoking, nondiabetic men with normal blood pressure and serum lipids is related to inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins (ISPs). Methods and Results— Five ISPs ({alpha}1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, orosomucoid) were analyzed in 6075 men, 47±3.6 years old. A low-risk group (no traditional risk factor, n=1108) and a high-risk group (>=2 major risk factors, n=1011) were defined. Incidence of MI (n=227) was monitored over 18.1±4.3 years of follow-up. In the low-risk group, the age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) were 1.00 (reference), 1.9 (95% CI, 0.8 to 4.2), 1.8 (95% CI, 0.6 to 5.4), and 2.9 (95% CI, 1.05 to 8.1), respectively, for men with 0, 1, 2 and >=3 ISPs in the top quartile (trend: P=0.03). In this group, the increased risk was observed only after >=10 years of follow-up. In the high-risk group, the age-adjusted RRs were 1.00, 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9 to 2.2), 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2 to 3.1), and 2.0 (95% CI, 1.3 to 3.1), respectively, for men with 0, 1, 2, and >=3 ISPs in the top quartile (trend: P=0.0004). Conclusion— Incidence of MI in nonsmoking, nondiabetic men with normal blood pressure and lipids was related to ISPs. The causes for this relationship remain to be explored.
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| 6. |
- Engström, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins are associated with future weight gain.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 52:8, s. 2097-2101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cross-sectional studies have associated obesity and other components of the so-called metabolic syndrome with low-grade inflammation. The temporal and causal relations of this association have not been fully explored. This study explored whether elevated levels of inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins (ISPs) (fibrinogen, orosomucoid, {alpha}1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin) are associated with future weight gain. Five ISPs were measured in 2,821 nondiabetic healthy men (38–50 years of age) who were reexamined after a mean follow-up of 6.1 years. Future weight gain was studied in relation to the number of elevated ISPs (i.e., in the top quartile). The proportion with a large weight gain (75th percentile >=3.8 kg) was 21.0, 25.9, 26.8, and 28.3%, respectively, among men with none, one, two, and three or more ISPs in the top quartile (P for trend 0.0005). This relation remained significant after adjustments for weight at baseline, follow-up time, height (at baseline and follow-up), physical inactivity (at baseline and follow-up), smoking (at baseline and follow-up), high alcohol consumption, and insulin resistance. The relations were largely similar for all individual ISPs. Elevated ISP levels predict a large weight gain in middle-aged men. This relation could contribute to the relation between inflammation, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Several cross-sectional studies have reported positive correlations between body fatness and inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins (ISPs) and other inflammatory markers (1–4). Weight reduction in obese subjects has been associated with reduced inflammation (5–7). It has been proposed that proinflammatory cytokines formed in the adipose tissue, e.g., interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} (TNF-{alpha}), increase the hepatic synthesis of ISPs (4,8–10). However, the temporal and causal relations between obesity and elevated ISPs are incompletely understood. Even though inflammation is mainly considered an effect of obesity or weight increase, it also has been suggested that there could be a reverse relation, i.e., that inflammation could promote weight gain (11). A 3-year follow-up of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study reported that a large weight gain was more common in subjects with elevated fibrinogen, white blood cells, von Willebrand factor, or factor VIII, i.e., four putative markers of inflammation (12). The Malmö Preventive Study cohort includes ~6,000 men with data on five ISPs (fibrinogen, haptoglobin, {alpha}1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, and ceruloplasmin). Previous studies from this cohort have shown cross-sectional relations between ISP levels and BMI, blood pressure, and insulin resistance (1,13,14). Follow-up studies have shown that these proteins are associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases and an increased incidence of high blood pressure (15,16). The present study sought to explore whether these proteins predicted weight gain over a mean follow-up of 6 years.
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| 7. |
- Engström, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins, diabetes, and mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based study.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 52:2, s. 442-447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores the relationship of inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins (ISPs) with the prevalence of diabetes and the interrelationships between ISPs and diabetes in the prediction of death and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke. Plasma levels of fibrinogen, α1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and orosomucoid were assessed in 6,050 men, aged 28–61 years. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke were monitored over 18.7 ± 3.7 years. Prevalence of diabetes (n = 321) was significantly associated with ISP levels among overweight and obese men but not among men with BMI <25 kg/m2. The association was similar for insulin resistance according to homeostasis model assessment. High ISP levels (two or more ISPs in the top quartile) increased the cardiovascular risk among diabetic men. The risk factor-adjusted relative risks for cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke were 2.8 (CI 1.8–4.5), 2.2 (1.5–3.2), and 2.5 (1.4–4.6), respectively, for diabetic men with high ISP levels (reference: nondiabetic men with low ISP levels). The corresponding risks for diabetic men with low ISP levels were 1.8 (1.1–3.0), 1.3 (0.8–2.1), and 1.2 (0.6–2.5), respectively. In conclusion, in this population-based cohort, diabetes was associated with increased ISP levels among overweight and obese men but not among men with normal weight. High ISP levels increased the cardiovascular risk similarly in diabetic as compared with nondiabetic men.
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| 8. |
- Engström, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term effects of inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins and systolic blood pressure on incidence of stroke.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Stroke: a journal of cerebral circulation. - 1524-4628. ; 33:12, s. 2744-2749
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Purpose— The present study investigated the relationships between inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins (ISPs) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), as well as the joint long-term effects of ISP and SBP on incidence of stroke. Methods— BP and 5 ISPs (fibrinogen, {alpha}1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, orosomucoid) were assessed in 6071 healthy men 28 to 61 years of age. All-cause mortality and incidence of stroke were monitored over a mean follow-up of 18.7 years in men defined by SBP (<120, 120 to 139, >=140 mm Hg) and ISP (0 to 1 or 2 to 5 ISPs in the top quartile). Results— SBP and diastolic BP were significantly and positively associated with the number of ISPs in the top quartile. As expected, elevated SBP was associated with an increased incidence of stroke. Among men with SBP >=140 mm Hg, there were, however, significant differences between those with high and low ISP levels. After risk factor adjustment, men with SBP >=140 mm Hg and high ISP levels had a relative risk of stroke of 4.3 (95% CI, 2.3 to 7.8) compared with men with SBP <120 mm Hg and low ISP levels. In the absence of high ISP levels, the risk associated with SBP >=140 was 2.5 (95% CI,1.4 to 4.6). Men with high ISP levels had a significantly increased risk of stroke also after exclusion of the events from the first 10 years of follow-up. Conclusions— High ISP levels are associated with elevated BP. These proteins are associated with an increased risk of stroke among men with high BP and provide information on stroke risk even after many years of follow-up.
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| 9. |
- Engström, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Lung function and cardiovascular risk: relationship with inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Circulation. - 1524-4539. ; 106:20, s. 2555-2560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background— The inverse relationship between pulmonary function and incidence of cardiovascular disease remains largely unexplained. This prospective study explored the hypothesis of a relationship with inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins. Methods and Results— Forced vital capacity (FVC) and plasma levels of fibrinogen, {alpha} 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and orosomucoid were determined in 5064 healthy men aged 28 to 61 years. All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and incidence of myocardial infarction were monitored over a mean follow-up period of 18.4 years. Low FVC (fourth quartile) was associated with higher protein levels and with increased incidences of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Adjustments for protein levels reduced the age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for myocardial infarction (from 1.99, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.6, to 1.70, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.2) and cardiovascular death (from 2.71, 95% CI 1.9 to 3.9, to 2.28, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.3) among men with low FVC, corresponding to {approx}25% of the excess risk. The risk factor–adjusted RRs were reduced from 1.45 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.9) to 1.38 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.8) and from 1.96 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.8) to 1.85 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.7) for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death, respectively, corresponding to {approx}10% to 15% of the excess risk. Among men with low FVC, the risk factor–adjusted RR for myocardial infarction was 2.5 (95% CI 1.7 to 3.6) for those with high protein levels (>=2 proteins in top quartile) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.4) for those with low protein levels (<=1 protein in top quartile; reference, top quartile of FVC and low protein levels). Conclusions— FVC is significantly and inversely associated with plasma levels of inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins. This relationship contributes to but cannot fully explain the increased cardiovascular risk among men with low FVC.
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