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- Thottappillil, Rajeev, et al.
(författare)
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Response of Civilian Facilities to Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI), with Emphasis on the Swedish Railway Network
- 2005
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently a research program was initiated in Sweden to investigate the possible susceptibility of IEMI to civilian networks, with emphasis on the Swedish railway network. The objective is to develop a methodology for investigating and protecting sensitive railway facilities against IEMI and to recommend ways in which EMI control in the railways could be improved for better defense against IEMI. Details of the research program and some preliminary results are presented in this paper.
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| 6. |
- Lampa, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Novel Peptidomimetic Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors Spanning the P2–P1′ Region
- 2014
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Ingår i: ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1948-5875. ; 5:3, s. 249-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, novel hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitors based on a P2 pyrimidinyloxyphenylglycine in combination with various regioisomers of an aryl acyl sulfonamide functionality in P1 are presented. The P1′ 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl side chain was shown to be particularly beneficial in terms of inhibitory potency. Several inhibitors with Ki-values in the nanomolar range were developed and included identification of promising P3-truncated inhibitors spanning from P2–P1′. Of several different P2 capping groups that were evaluated, a preference for the sterically congested Boc group was revealed. The inhibitors were found to retain inhibitory potencies for A156T, D168V, and R155K variants of the protease. Furthermore, in vitro pharmacokinetic profiling showed several beneficial effects on metabolic stability as well as on apparent intestinal permeability from both P3 truncation and the use of the P1′ 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl side chain.
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| 7. |
- Lindeberg, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Blitzeinwirkungen auf Oberleitungs- und Signalanlagen in Schweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Elektrische Bahnen. ; :1-2, s. 67-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Für ältere elektrotechnische Bahnanlagen waren die Aspekte der elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit von geringerer Bedeutung als für heutige Anlagen. Vor allem für neuere Signal- und Zugerkennungsanlagen mit kleineren Abmessungen sanken die erlaubten Höchstwerte für Ströme und Spannungen. Dies hat die Störungsempfindlichkeit erhöht. Eine wichtige, wenn nicht die wichtigste Störungsquelle sind atmosphärische Entladungen, also Blitze. Ihre Einwirkung auf elektrifizierte Bahnstrecken in Schweden wurde theoretisch durch Simulationen untersucht. Die Empfindlichkeit der Komponenten wurde experimentell geprüft. Bei Bahnanlagen reicht die Ableitung von Blitzen nicht aus, um Schäden durch Blitzentladungen zu vermeiden. Gefährdete Komponenten sollten durch angemessene Maßnahmen gegenüber elektromagnetischen Störungen besser geschützt werden.
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| 9. |
- Theethayi, Nelson, et al.
(författare)
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Lightning interaction with the swedish railway network
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the beginning, the design of signal and control network of railways in early times was not always done in accordance with the strict rules of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). This created problems due to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) when old electro-mechanical signalling, control and communication systems were replaced by modern sensitive electronic circuits. Modern developments in the railway systems have made the system more vulnerable to lightning transients, a natural source of EMI, because the overall network is not designed to reduce the lightning surges to the low levels tolerable to the electronic systems widely being introduced in the railway system. Railway networks are extensive and modernization of signal/control/communication systems is carried out only in stages at different times, it is not unusual to find transient related problems in a section of the network on account of inadequate lightning protection design or EMC design of the existing network in which a new module (equipment or system) is introduced. One wonders if these problems act as a brake on the upgrading plans of the railways. Also the new railway systems which incorporate advanced signal/control/communication systems sometimes suffers from the effects of lightning transients because many of the standards and guidelines used in the design dates back to the age of electromechanical devices and hence do not include robust transient protection design. There were many attempts to address EMC issues in railways, but usually these attempts were confined to solving immediate problems of EMI due to introduction of new locomotive drives and EMI due to sparks at the pantograph. A comprehensive review of railway system from the angle of lightning protection and EMC is not yet carried out. This work discusses the EMC problems of large distributed systems, with particular reference to lightning interaction with Swedish rail network.
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