| 1. |
- Agmon-Levin, Nancy, et al.
(författare)
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Antitreponemal Antibodies Leading to Autoantibody Production and Protection from Atherosclerosis in Kitavans from Papua New Guinea
- 2009
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Ingår i: Contemporary Challenges in Autoimmunity. - : Wiley. - 0077-8923 .- 1749-6632. ; 1173, s. 675-682
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of anti-infectious agent antibodies and autoantibodies in a unique non-Westernized population from Kitava, Papua New Guinea (PNG), compared to Western populations. We matched 120 serum samples from Kitavans with 437 samples from four healthy control groups. Sera were tested for the presence of anti-infectious agent antibodies (treponema, toxoplsmosis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, rubella) and autoantiobodies [anti-double-stranded (ds)DNA, anti-chromatin, anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP), anti-SSB, anti-SSA, anti-Scl-70, anti-Smith, anti-centromer, anti-SmRNP, anti-Jo-1, and anti-ribosomal-P] using the Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200. Antitreponemal antibodies were detected in 87% of PNG sera versus 0-6% of controls (P < 0.0001). Anti-dsDNA antibodies were detected in 31% of PNG samples, which was significantly higher than in three of the control groups (<10%). The outstanding high rate of antitreponemal antibodies detected in Kitavans possibly represents prior yaws disease. A low prevalence of cardiovascular disease was previously documented in Kitavans and has been attributed, in addition to their diet, to the high prevalence of natural cardioprotective autoantibodies (the IgM-antiphosphorylcholine antibodies) in this population. Treponemal infection has been shown to induce the appearance of antiphosphorylcholine antibodies. These protective autoantibodies may cross-react with the pathogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies. Thus, it is suggested that infection with treponema is associated with the presence of protective as well as pathogenic autoantibodies.
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| 2. |
- Canivet, Catarina, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Sleeping problems, sleep duration and the risk of disability pension : A prospective study of a Swedish general population
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. - New York, NY : Springer. - 1070-5503 .- 1532-7558. ; 19:Suppl. 1, s. S107-S107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies have found insomnia and long sleep duration to be independently associated with subsequent disability pension. However, the issue of a possible gender-based pattern in this context has received little attention. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of different sleeping problems and sleep duration on the rate of disability pension during a 12-year follow-up period.The cohort was recruited by random invitations from the general population of Malmö, Sweden, aged 45–65 years in 1992; the participation rate was 41% (n=14,555). The participants in this study were the 2,254 men and 2,065 women who were healthy and working at least 30 hours per week at baseline. Baseline data included socio-demographic factors, lifestyle, body mass index, the Job Content Questionnaire, social support and participation, ‘stress outside work’, self-rated health and an instrument assessing sleep quality and duration. Information on disability pension was obtained through record linkage from the National Health Insurance Register.Disability pensions were granted to 9% of the men and 15% of the women during the follow-up period. Affirming moderate or very large problems with any of ‘initiating sleep’, ‘waking up during the night’, ‘waking up too early’, and ‘not feeling rested by sleep’ was defined as ‘problems with sleep’, and this was present in 33% of the women and 41% of the men. The age-adjusted hazard ratios for problems with sleep and subsequent disability pension were in men 1.8 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.4) and in women 1.6 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.0). In the full model, after adjustment for sleep duration and for potential confounders and/or mediators, these HRs decreased to 1.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.0) in men and 1.4 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.7) in women.Short sleep duration, i.e. ≤6 hours/night on weekdays, was associated with having problems with sleep, long sleep duration was not. Only two percent of the population slept ≥9 hours/night. In women, but not in men, long sleep duration was strongly associated with the subsequent granting of a disability pension; the HR was 2.8 (1.7 to 4.6). In conclusion, sleeping problems seem to be a significant risk-factor for disability pension in the middle-aged working population. There were also clear gender differences in the pattern regarding which type of sleeping problems that were most linked to disability pension.
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| 3. |
- Carrera-Bastos, Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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Serum Zonulin and endotoxin levels in exceptional longevity versus precocious myocardial infarction
- 2018
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Ingår i: Aging and Disease. - 2152-5250. ; 9:2, s. 317-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endotoxemia-induced inflammation has been associated with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, ultimately increasing the risk of coronary heart disease. Increased intestinal permeability is an important event leading to endotoxemia. This study aims to elucidate the possible association between endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and zonulin (a biomarker of intestinal permeability) levels and the risk of coronary heart disease, and thus healthy aging. Serum levels of zonulin, lipopolysaccharide and soluble CD14 (a protein that binds lipopolysaccharide) were measured in disease-free centenarians, young healthy controls and patients with precocious acute myocardial infarction. Disease-free centenarians had significantly lower levels of serum zonulin (P < 0.01) and lipopolysaccharide (P < 0.001) than young patients with acute myocardial infarction, and had significantly lower concentrations of serum lipopolysaccharide than young healthy controls (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found for soluble CD14 between groups. Our findings may stimulate further research into the role played by intestinal permeability and endotoxemia not only in coronary heart disease but also in lifespan modulation.
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| 4. |
- Cordain, L, et al.
(författare)
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Acne vulgaris - A disease of western civilization
- 2002
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Ingår i: Archives of Dermatology. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0003-987X. ; 138:12, s. 1584-1590
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In westernized societies, acne vulgaris is a nearly universal skin disease afflicting 79% to 95% of the adolescent population. In men and women older than 25 years, 40% to 54% have some degree of facial acne, and clinical facial acne persists into middle age in 12% of women and 3% of men. Epidemiological evidence suggests that acne incidence rates are considerably lower in nonwesternized societies. Herein we report the prevalence of acne in 2 nonwesternized populations: the Kitavan Islanders of Papua New Guinea and the Ache hunter-gatherers of Paraguay. Additionally, we analyze how elements in nonwesternized environments may influence the development of acne. Observations: Of 1200 Kitavan subjects examined (including 300 aged 15-25 years), no case of acne (grade I with multiple comedones or grades 2-4) was observed. Of 115 Ache subjects examined (including 15 aged 15-25 years) over 843 days, no case of active acne (grades 1-4) was observed. Conclusions: The astonishing difference in acne incidence rates between nonwesternized and fully modernized societies cannot be solely attributed to genetic differences among populations but likely results from differing environmental factors. identification of these factors may be useful in the treatment of acne in Western populations.
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| 5. |
- Cordain, L, et al.
(författare)
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An evolutionary analysis of the aetiology and pathogenesis of juvenile-onset myopia
- 2002
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Ingår i: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1395-3907. ; 80:2, s. 125-135
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The available evidence suggests that both genes and environment play a crucial role in the development of juvenile-onset myopia. When the human visual system is examined from an evolutionary perspective, it becomes apparent that humans, living in the original environmental niche for which our species is genetically adapted (as hunter-gatherers), are either slightly hypermetropic or emmetropic and rarely develop myopia. Myopia occurs when novel environmental conditions associated with modern civilization are introduced into the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The excessive near work of reading is most frequently cited as the main environmental stressor underlying the development of myopia. In this review we point out how a previously unrecognized diet-related malady (chronic hyperinsulinaemia) may play a key role in the pathogenesis of juvenile-onset myopia because of its interaction with hormonal regulation of vitreal chamber growth.
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| 6. |
- Cordain, L, et al.
(författare)
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Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century
- 2005
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 1938-3207. ; 81:2, s. 341-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry approximate to10 000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust. In conjunction with this discordance between our ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutritional, cultural, and activity patterns of contemporary Western populations, many of the so-called diseases of civilization have emerged. In particular, food staples and food-processing procedures introduced during the Neolithic and Industrial Periods have fundamentally altered 7 crucial nutritional characteristics of ancestral hominin diets: 1) glycemic load, 2) fatty acid composition, 3) macronutrient composition, 4) micronutrient density, 5) acid-base balance, 6) sodium-potassium ratio, and 7) fiber content. The evolutionary collision of our ancient genome with the nutritional qualities of recently introduced foods may underlie many of the chronic diseases of Western civilization.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Fontes Villalba, Maelan, et al.
(författare)
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A healthy diet with and without cereal grains and dairy products in patients with type 2 diabetes: study protocol for a random-order cross-over pilot study - Alimentation and Diabetes in Lanzarote -ADILAN.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Trials. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-6215. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on the role of nutrition in type 2 diabetes has largely focused on macro/micronutrient composition and dietary fiber intake, while fewer studies have tested the effects of differing food choice. Some observational studies and short-term intervention studies suggest that a food pattern mimicking the diet with which humans evolved positively influences glucose control and associated endocrine systems. Such a food pattern mainly differs from other common healthy food patterns in its absence of cereal grains and dairy products. The primary aim of this pilot study is to determine the effect of two healthy diets with or without cereal grains and dairy products on glucose control, while keeping participants' weight stable and other food parameters, such as macro/micronutrient composition, dietary fiber and glycemic load, the same in both diets.
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| 9. |
- Fontes-Villalba, Maelán, et al.
(författare)
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Palaeolithic diet decreases fasting plasma leptin concentrations more than a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes : A randomised cross-over trial
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cardiovascular Diabetology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2840. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We have previously shown that a Palaeolithic diet consisting of the typical food groups that our ancestors ate during the Palaeolithic era, improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and glucose control compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes. To elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects, we evaluated fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon, insulin, incretins, ghrelin, C-peptide and adipokines from the same study. Methods: In a randomised, open-label, cross-over study, 13 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to eat a Palaeolithic diet based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts, or a diabetes diet designed in accordance with current diabetes dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods. The patients were recruited from primary health-care units and included three women and 10 men [age (mean ± SD) 64 ± 6 years; BMI 30 ± 7 kg/m2; diabetes duration 8 ± 5 years; glycated haemoglobin 6.6 ± 0.6 % (57.3 ± 6 mmol/mol)] with unaltered diabetes treatment and stable body weight for 3 months prior to the start of the study. Outcome variables included fasting plasma concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, visfatin, resistin, glucagon, insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin. Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records. Results: Seven participants started with the Palaeolithic diet and six with the diabetes diet. The Palaeolithic diet resulted in a large effect size (Cohen's d = -1.26) at lowering fasting plasma leptin levels compared to the diabetes diet [mean difference (95 % CI), -2.3 (-5.1 to 0.4) ng/ml, p = 0.023]. No statistically significant differences between the diets for the other variables, analysed in this study, were observed. Conclusions: Over a 3-month study period, a Palaeolithic diet resulted in reduced fasting plasma leptin levels, but did not change fasting levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, incretins, ghrelin and adipokines compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet. Trial registration: Clinical Trials.gov NCT00435240.
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| 10. |
- Frostegard, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Atheroprotective natural anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies of IgM subclass are decreased in Swedish controls as compared to non-westernized individuals from New Guinea
- 2007
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Ingår i: Nutrition & Metabolism. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-7075. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To determine the importance of IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine ( aPC), a novel protective factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD), in a population with a non-western life style as compared with a Swedish control group. Methods and results: Risk factors for cardiovascular disease were determined in a group of 108 individuals aged 40-86 years from New Guinea and 108 age-and sex-matched individuals from a population based study in Sweden. Antibodies were tested by ELISA. aPC IgM levels were significantly higher among New Guineans than among Swedish controls ( p < 0.0001). This difference remained significant among both men and women when controlled for LDL and blood pressure which were lower and smoking which was more prevalent in New Guineans as compared to Swedish controls ( p < 0.0001). aPC IgM was significantly and negatively associated with age and systolic blood pressure among Swedish controls and with waist circumference among New Guineans. aPC IgM levels were significantly higher among women than men in both groups. The proportion of the saturated fatty acid ( FA) myristic acid in serum cholesterol esters was negatively but polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic acid and also lipoprotein ( a) were positively associated with aPC IgM levels. Conclusion: IgM-antibodies against PC, which have atheroprotective properties, are higher in a population from Kitava, New Guinea with a traditional lifestyle, than in Swedish Controls, and higher among women than men in both populations tested. Such antibodies could contribute to the low incidence of cardiovascular disease reported from Kitava and could also provide an explanation as to why women have a later onset of CVD than men.
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