| 1. |
- Norberg, Johan R
(författare)
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Idrottens väg till folkhemmet : Studier i statlig idrottspolitik 1913-1970
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Swedish sports, with their unified/uniform organisation and democratically evolved structure,represent in many ways the archetype of a popular movement. However, the sports movement has also since the beginning of the 1900s received regular – and over time substantial –state support.In addition, the main sports organisation, Sveriges riksidrottsförbund, (RF) has developed a close co-operative relationship with government powers.This intimate sport-and-state relationship highlights a question regarding organisational autonomy: has it been possible for the sports movement to retain its autonomy while at the same time accepting public funds? Or, put another way: how are we to comprehend government politics vis-à-vis sport? As a strategy to control the voluntary movement,or an attempt to encourage its independence?As shown by these questions,the aim of this thesis is to produce a characterisation of the state ’s relationship with the sports movement.More tangibly: to analyse how the relationship between the autonomy of sports clubs and associations, and government control, was resolved in Swedish sports politics between 1913 and 1970. Theoretically, the investigation takes it ’s starting point in a politico-philosophical discussion on “what the state should be doing ”. Three idealtype-constructed positions on how the state can act towards the sports movement are presented: passive neutrality,active neutrality and perfectionism. In regard to an adjacent question, “what the state can do ”,a perspective of legitimacy is applied,signifying that the state ’s possibilities of political control are limited by the sports movement ’s propensity for autonomy.The subsequent empirical study is divided into three themes:government economic support for the sports movement,the role of RF as an authority,and the taxation of sport. The investigation shows that active neutrality was a dominating principle in the state ’s relation to the sports movement. The primary aim of economic support for sport was not in order to govern,but to strengthen the movement ’s character of a voluntary and independent mass movement.But the state ’s neutrality was not unconditional. The government demanded extensive measures designed to control the use of public funds. Moreover, the principle that economic support was not a gift was clearly emphasised. Attached to the grant was thus the condition that the movement itself took on the responsibility of ensuring sport ’s development as wholesome, voluntary and idealistic. This policy can be most easily understood as an implicit contract between the state and RF. Its main function was ensuring the sports movement ’s right to both state support and a relatively high degree of autonomy,conditional upon it reciprocating by voluntarily bearing a public welfare responsibility.
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| 2. |
- Sjöblom, Paul, 1971-
(författare)
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Den institutionaliserade tävlingsidrotten : Kommuner, idrott och politik i Sverige under 1900-talet
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this dissertation is to describe and analyse the development of the sports movement at a local level during the 20th century, focusing on the relationship between the municipality, in a broad sense, and the sports clubs, as well as on the conditions that have affected this relationship and the effects this has had for the clubs’ structural and cultural configuration.The thesis put forward is that there is a link between the parliamentary and governmental description of sport as socially beneficial, the relative autonomy of the sports movement, the institutionalisation of the municipalities’ sports policy and their involvement in the local sports culture and the expansion of competitive sport within the sports movement led by the Swedish Sports Confederation. The thesis is advanced in the context of a description of the Swedish sports model at the local level, its rise and eventual fall, and through case studies of three municipalities/local communities as well as a total of six sports clubs, all located in what is today Norrtälje municipality some ninety kilometres north of Stockholm.The thesis is generally confirmed. From the perspective of the central state, within the framework of a corporate governance model, it has involved compromising with a strong sports movement and simultaneously gaining legitimacy and support for its sports policy. This has not caused any major problems as the Swedish Sports Confederation, the sports movement’s unitary organisation, has in all important respects developed organised sport in a desirable way, or at least one that the government authorities have been willing to accept in view of services in return. It appears to be the same at a local level. The municipality has rewarded that section of organised sport which has made, in its opinion, the best contribution to producing a both physically and mentally civic educational as well as integrating leisure activity. On the whole this has been applicable to the performance- and result-oriented sport. This type of competitive sport, or rather, the clubs which have run it, have also been expected to be able to assist in managing the range of facilities, in raising the municipality’s PR value, in creating new services and job opportunities and in uniting the inhabitants.
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| 3. |
- Sörngård, Johanna, 1993-
(författare)
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Attosecond information encoded in the photoemission angle
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electrons that break free during photoionization acquire a phase shift induced by the many-body potential of the parent ion. This phase shift can be interpreted as a delay in the photoionization process. This delay is very brief—on the order of attoseconds—and the time-scale of the process is short enough to, until recently, have been approximated as instantaneous. Recent developments in experimental methods have enabled the generation of light pulses of attosecond duration, allowing these phenomena to be probed in experiments. The photoionization delay can be measured in short-pulse pump-probe experiments that utilizes methods like RABBIT or streaking. Originally these experimental protocols used linearly polarized light and non-angularly resolved measurements.When the capability to use circularly polarized pulses in experiments grow, the numerical methods used to simulate such experiments must follow, and be made capable of accounting for pulses with non-linear polarization. As more experiments collect angularly resolved data it is important to develop tools to analyse these more complex results.This thesis summarizes the work I have done to extend two numerical simulation methods to circular polarization, as well as the extension of a theoretical tool to angularly resolved delays. By decoupling the angular and radial parts through the implementation of coupled two-photon operators, I have enabled the calculation of two-photon matrix elements for any detection angle and combination of photon polarizations.I have computed general formulas for so-called asymmetry parameters that can be used to effectively describe and analyze the angular dependence of cross sections and delays. I have further worked on extending a program suite that simulates the interaction of atoms with light in the time-dependent regime so that it can simulate light of arbitrary polarization.Through these efforts we have found ways to either simplify experiments, or to make them directly sensitive to only the effects of the probe pulse, which is the physically interesting part of the experimental signal.
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| 4. |
- Bolling, Hans, 1966-
(författare)
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Sin egen hälsas smed : Idéer, initiativ och organisationer inom svensk motionsidrott 1945–1981
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation studies the spread of sports for all in Sweden during the years 1945 to 1981. The purposes of the dissertation are twofold: in part to survey the forms of physical activities which were launched as sports for all after 1945, in part to answer the question: Why have almost all voluntarily organized sports in Sweden been part of one organization since the 1970s? In order to handle the diversities of activities that can fall within the concept of sport, two principal abstractions of the concept are used: one rigorous and one flexible. Which definition one uses influences how physical activities are organized in a society. Earlier research into the history of the Swedish sports movement has concluded that it has had a relatively high degree of autonomy in relation to the state. This finding is questioned in this dissertation. Sveriges Riksidrottsförbund (RF) was the largest Swedish sports organization throughout the 20th century and at same time the organization the government relied on to develop sports policies and distribute the financial contribution from the state to the sports movement. This means that RF has played two roles, as an umbrella organization within the Swedish sports movement and as leader of the organizations within the Swedish sports movement, popular movement and semi-public authority. The dissertation shows that the two roles, that RF played, have caused conflicts of interest within the organization. That is made plain when one studies the spread of sports for all. Most members of the organization just wanted to practise different sports and were not interested in the leading organization’s desire to promote a great many different kinds of physical acitivites according to a flexible concept of sport. These members were not interested in strengthening the organization’s leading position within sports. There are not many conceptions that are so universally and uncritically accepted as the conception of the connection between physical activity and health. Sports for all came to age in a society where more and more people were told to use part of their leisure time to take part in physical activities. A societal consensus prevailed that the population’s health was on the decline due to the increased standard of living, which was creating an inactive and unhealthy population. This has meant that sports for all have been an asset of power for the sports organizations and that they have fought for authority and control over sports for all; a struggle fought over the language and thoughts as much as over sport activities. Since 1945 large campaigns to get the population to become more physically active irrespective of physical ability have been common.
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| 5. |
- Haslum, Rolf, 1929-
(författare)
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Idrott, borgerlig folkfostran och frihet : Torsten Tegnér som opinionsbildare 1930-1960
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim is to illustrate the opinion former Torsten Tegnér’s view of sport, culture and society, the nature of the influence he exerted primarily through his own professional magazine, Idrottsbladet, a liberal-conservative sports journalist’s attitude in confrontation with other social attitudes and some questions of principle and debates that were topical during the period within Swedish sport. Five thematic chapters demonstrate how Tegnér reacted to developments within sport that were due to social changes.Above all, the research demonstrates that the values he wished to communicate principally dealt with a healthy soul in a healthy body for the benefit and happiness of both the individual and society. Secondly, he wished to convey the culture of the middle classes. In the background, the concept of freedom was a constant overarching ideology. His reactions to the developments can be seen in the light of his passion for sport as beneficial, his family’s combination of liberalism and respect for traditions and their expectations of him, his understanding of democracy and a touch of post-Romanticism. His passion for freedom led to his political involvement against Nazism and Communism in particular.Tegnér’s means of influencing are viewed from a power perspective. As a well-qualified intellectual, by means of a significant symbolic capital, with Idrottsbladet’s position and as ‘a one-man civic educator’, he was one of those who, in the opinion of the philosopher Antonio Gramsci, were particularly important in a social power game. It is particularly interesting that his circle of readers seems to have overwhelmingly consisted of working-class youngsters.
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| 6. |
- Lundquist Wanneberg, Pia
(författare)
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Kroppens medborgarfostran : Kropp, klass och genus i skolans fysiska fostran 1919-1962
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The problem forming the basis of this study is why Ling gymnastics, a product of the early 19th Century, was constantly practised in Swedish state-run schools during the 1950s despite the fact that, from the beginning of the 20th Century, it had been questioned by scientists and faced stiff competition from sport. The thesis approaches the question in relation to the state and the body. Ling gymnastics was conducted in the state school system and the target was the body. The establishment of elementary schools, in 1842, is seen as the starting-point for the building of a modern Swedish bureaucratic educational state incorporating the whole country. Mass education helped to integrate all the citizens into the state and offered an opportunity to eliminate the differences and conflicts that belonged to the old society. However, it was also possible to establish new ones. Up until 1962, there existed in Swedish compulsory schooling namely two parallel school systems, the elementary school and the secondary school, which targeted different categories of pupils. The aim of the thesis is to examine the role of physical education when it came to raising citizens in the democratic welfare state established and expanded during the research period, 1919 until 1962, when the socially differentiated school system was replaced by nine years of comprehensive schooling. The main question is, from a class- and gender perspective, what type of citizens were to be raised by the subject “gymnastics with games and sport” (as it was known during that period), both in terms of physique and character, and with which subject-matter was this going to happen – gymnastics or sport? The study has shown that the reason why Ling gymnastics lasted so long was that it was needed until the introduction of comprehensive schools. The establishment of the democratic welfare state required a new population. However, since it was not intended, at that time, for the population to be uniform, tools were needed, with whose help it was possible to mould citizens with both common and different features. One tool was physical education that comprised two forms of physical training, Ling gymnastics and sport, which, from the educational point of view and for sorting purposes, possessed various qualities. Thus, when comprehensive schools were introduced, interest in Ling gymnastics waned, partially because the subject had become more physiological, but also because the subject’s task was modified. When the bodies Ling gymnastics had helped to develop were no longer a target and a partially new form of character education was desired, Ling gymnastics had served its purpose. On the other hand, special women’s gymnastics, which was launched at the beginning of the 20th Century, had not had its day. This gymnastics was still needed to raise girls into women, however, in a rhythmical and physiological form. Even the gymnastics the boys were to have contained characteristics from the earlier boys’ gymnastics in the form of apparatus work and weight training. The difference was that it had become more powerful training and had been supplemented by circuit training and fitness testing. However, Ling gymnastics, in the shape of independent, constructed movements carried out to instructions in accordance with planned daily exercises, had disappeared.
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