| 1. |
- Astor, Kim, et al.
(författare)
-
Maternal postpartum depression impacts infants' joint attention differentially across cultures
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Developmental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0012-1649 .- 1939-0599. ; 58:12, s. 2230-2238
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assessed whether the negative association between maternal postpartum depression (PPD) and infants’ development of joint attention (gaze following) generalizes from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) to Majority World contexts. The study was conducted in Bhutan (N = 105, M = 278 days, 52% males) but also draws from publicly available Swedish data (N = 113, M = 302 days, 49% males). We demonstrate that Bhutanese and Swedish infants’ development follows the same trajectory. However, Bhutanese infants’ gaze following were not related to maternal PPD, which the Swedish infants’ were. The results support the notion that there are protecting factors built into the interdependent family model. Despite all the benefits of being raised in a modern welfare state, it seems like Swedish infants, to an extent, are more vulnerable to maternal mental health than Bhutanese infants.
|
|
| 2. |
- Astor, Kim, et al.
(författare)
-
Social and emotional contexts predict the development of gaze following in early infancy
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Royal Society Open Science. - : The Royal Society. - 2054-5703. ; 7:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of gaze following begins in early infancy and its developmental foundation has been under heavy debate. Using a longitudinal design (N = 118), we demonstrate that attachment quality predicts individual differences in the onset of gaze following, at six months of age, and that maternal postpartum depression predicts later gaze following, at 10 months. In addition, we report longitudinal stability in gaze following from 6 to 10 months. A full path model (using attachment, maternal depression and gaze following at six months) accounted for 21% of variance in gaze following at 10 months. These results suggest an experience-dependent development of gaze following, driven by the infant's own motivation to interact and engage with others (the social-first perspective).
|
|
| 3. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
The group-motivated sampler
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of experimental psychology. General. - : American Psychological Association. - 0096-3445 .- 1939-2222. ; 148:5, s. 845-862
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does ingroup favoritism reflect experience or some preset motivation? The latter possibility is well examined in social psychology, but models from cognitive psychology suggest that unrepresentative samples of experience can generate biases even in the absence of motivational concerns. It remains unclear, however, how motivation and initially sampled experiences interact when both influences are possible, and people encounter new groups. Extending classic arguments about motivated information gathering, we propose that people can be described as “group-motivated samplers”—marked by a tendency to primarily seek out information about one’s own group, and to attend more to information that portrays the ingroup in a positive light. Four experiments showed that information seeking almost always starts with the ingroup, and that people chose to gather more information from the ingroup compared to an outgroup. In subsequent group evaluations, people were excessively positive about ingroups giving a good initial impression. Participants were also fairly accurate, on average, about the direction and magnitude of group differences when the ingroup was de facto better, but downplayed those differences in the opposite situation. Further analyses indicated that first experiences led to biased evaluations because people failed to discount for nonrepresentative (positive) ingroup experiences, whereas interpretive biases seem responsible for evaluations based on belonging to a better/worse performing group. Taken together, while social psychologists know that people tend to portray ingroups in a flattering light, we show how people selectively incorporate early experiences to build those impressions.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Gerbrand, Anton, et al.
(författare)
-
Recognition of small numbers in subset knowers : Cardinal knowledge in early childhood
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Royal Society Open Science. - : Royal Society. - 2054-5703. ; 10:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research suggests that subset-knowers have an approximate understanding of small numbers. However, it is still unclear exactly what subset- knowers understand about small numbers. To investigate this further, we tested 133 participants, ages 2.6 – 4 years, on a newly developed eye-tracking task targeting cardinal recognition. Participants were presented with two sets differing in cardinality (1–4 items) and asked to find a specific cardinality. Our main finding showed that on a group level, subset- knowers could identify all presented targets at rates above chance, further supporting that subset-knowers understand several of the basic principles of small numbers. Exploratory analyses tentatively suggest that one-knowers could identify the targets 1 and 2, but struggled when the target was 3 and 4, whereas two- knowers and above could identify all targets at rates above chance. This might tentatively suggest that subset-knowers have an approximate understanding of numbers that is just (i.e. +1) above their current knower level. We discuss the implications of these results in length.
|
|
| 6. |
- Gerbrand, Anton, et al.
(författare)
-
Statistical learning in infancy predicts vocabulary size in toddlerhood
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 27:4, s. 700-719
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the first 2 years of life, an infant's vocabulary grows at an impressive rate. In the current study, we investigated the impact of three challenges that infants need to overcome to learn new words and expand the size of their vocabulary. We used longitudinal eye-tracking data (n = 118) to assess sequence learning, associative learning, and probability processing abilities at ages 6, 10, and 18 months. Infants' ability to efficiently solve these tasks was used to predict vocabulary size at age 18 months. We demonstrate that the ability to make audio-visual associations and to predict sequences of visual events predicts vocabulary size in toddlers (accounting for 20% of the variance). Our results indicate that statistical learning in some, but not all, domains have a role in vocabulary development.
|
|
| 7. |
- Gottwald, Janna, Dr, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Two-step actions in infancy—the TWAIN model
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 237, s. 2495-2503
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we propose a novel model—the TWAIN model—to describe the durations of two-step actions in a reach-to-place task in human infants. Previous research demonstrates that infants and adults plan their actions across multiple steps. They adjust, for instance, the velocity of a reaching action depending on what they intend to do with the object once it is grasped. Despite these findings and irrespective of the larger context in which the action occurs, current models (e.g., Fitts’ law) target single, isolated actions, as, for example, pointing to a goal. In the current paper, we develop and empirically test a more ecologically valid model of two-step action planning. More specifically, 61 18-month olds took part in a reach-to-place task and their reaching and placing durations were measured with a motion-capture system. Our model explained the highest amount of variance in placing duration and outperformed six previously suggested models, when using model comparison. We show that including parameters of the first action step, here the duration of the reaching action, can improve the description of the second action step, here the duration of the placing action. This move towards more ecologically valid models of action planning contributes knowledge as well as a framework for assessing human machine interactions. The TWAIN model provides an updated way to quantify motor learning by the time these abilities develop, which might help to assess performance in typically developing human children.
|
|
| 8. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
-
Action Prediction Allows Hypothesis Testing via Internal Forward Models at 6 Months of Age
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose that action prediction provides a cornerstone in a learning process known as internal forward models. According to this suggestion infants' predictions (looking to the mouth of someone moving a spoon upward) will moments later be validated or proven false (spoon was in fact directed toward a bowl), information that is directly perceived as the distance between the predicted and actual goal. Using an individual difference approach we demonstrate that action prediction correlates with the tendency to react with surprise when social interactions are not acted out as expected (action evaluation). This association is demonstrated across tasks and in a large sample (n = 118) at 6 months of age. These results provide the first indication that infants might rely on internal forward models to structure their social world. Additional analysis, consistent with prior work and assumptions from embodied cognition, demonstrates that the latency of infants' action predictions correlate with the infant's own manual proficiency.
|
|
| 9. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
-
Fluid intelligence in refugee children : A cross-sectional study of potential risk and resilience factors among Syrian refugee children and their parents
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Intelligence. - : Elsevier. - 0160-2896 .- 1873-7935. ; 94
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assess fluid intelligence of 6–18 year-old children growing up in families that have fled from Syria and reside in Turkish communities (100 families, 394 individuals). We demonstrate that fluid intelligence of refugee children is related to maternal fluid intelligence and to the amount of time mothers spend reading to their child. These factors stood out in the analysis even when controlling for a large range of other factors such as demographics, parental mental health, parental fluid intelligence, home environment, and a large array of potential enrichment factors.
|
|
| 10. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
-
Poor maternal mental health is associated with a low degree of proactive control in refugee children
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : Sage Publications. - 1747-0218 .- 1747-0226.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assesses the development of proactive control strategies in 100 Syrian refugee families (394 individuals) with 6- to 18-year-old children currently living in Turkish communities. The results demonstrate that children’s age and their mothers’ post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with the degree of proactive control in their children, with worse mental health being associated with a larger reliance on reactive control and lesser reliance on proactive, future-oriented, control (measured via d′ in the AX-CPT task). None of the following factors contributed to children’s performance: fathers’ experience with post-traumatic stress, parents’ exposure to potentially traumatic warrelated events, perceived discrimination, a decline in socio-economic status, religious beliefs, parents’ proactive control strategies, or the education or gender of the children themselves. The association between mothers’ mental health and proactive control strategies in children was large (in terms of effect size), suggesting that supporting mothers’ mental health might have clear effects on the development of their children.
|
|
